. 2021 Feb 8;24(3):758–766. doi: 10.1038/s41391-021-00327-2

Table 2.

Physical performance measures at baseline, 6 and 12 months.

	Baseline (0)	6 months	12 months	P value
	Baseline (0)	6 months	12 months	Group × Time	Time	Comparison^a
Average muscle strength (kg)
ImpRes	70.5 ± 21.2	81.6 ± 22.0	86.9 ± 22.0	<0.001	<0.001	0 < 6 < 12
AerRes	71.2 ± 22.2	82.6 ± 23.3	81.1 ± 22.8			0 < 6, 12
DelAer	70.8 ± 26.1	71.5 ± 23.7	77.4 ± 27.0			0, 6 < 12
400-m walk (s)^b
ImpRes	274.6 ± 58.1	263.1 ± 49.1	259.4 ± 49.8	0.505	<0.001	0 > 12
AerRes	270.1 ± 52.6	255.1 ± 42.8	256.9 ± 49.2			0 > 6, 12
DelAer	277.1 ± 47.8	270.0 ± 45.5	267.9 ± 46.0			0 > 12
6-m backwards walk (s)^b
ImpRes	19.3 ± 8.5	16.7 ± 6.4	15.8 ± 6.8	0.173	<0.001	0 > 6 > 12
AerRes	19.0 ± 7.2	17.1 ± 6.0	16.0 ± 6.1			0 > 6 > 12
DelAer	19.0 ± 7.3	18.6 ± 8.7	18.1 ± 9.7
Chair rise (s)^b
ImpRes	13.3 ± 4.3	11.9 ± 3.9	10.9 ± 2.8	0.005	<0.001	0 > 6 > 12
AerRes	12.8 ± 2.8	11.8 ± 2.6	11.6 ± 2.2			0 > 6, 12
DelAer	14.4 ± 3.9	13.3 ± 2.8	11.6 ± 1.9			0 > 6 > 12

Values are the mean ± SD.

ImpRes impact plus resistance exercise; AerRes aerobic plus resistance exercise; DelAer delayed followed by aerobic exercise.

^aWithin-group multiple comparisons for baseline (0), 6, and 12 months, with a Bonferroni-corrected p < 0.05.

^bStatistical analysis based on log transformed data.