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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Prev Med. 2021 Jun 5;61(3):377–385. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2021.03.013

Table 2.

Association of Implementation of Calorie Labeling With Changes in Mean Total Calories, Energy Density, and Product Size Among Continuously Available Prepared Foods

Total calories (calories/item) Energy density (calories/100 grams) Product size (grams/item)
Food type B (95%CI) B (95%CI) B (95%CI)
Bakery items, n=1,828 −7.7 (−12.9, −2.5) −0.3 (−1.6, 1.1) 0.7 (−0.7, 2.1)
Entrees & sides, n=2,769 2.6 (−1.4, 6.7) 1.3 (0.4, 2.2) −2.0 (−3.3, −0.6)
Deli meats & cheeses, n=1,219 0.3 (−10.1, 10.7) 0.5 (−3.8, 4.7) −0.6 (−5.8, 4.6)

Notes: ns refer to unique products included in analyses of the primary outcome, total calories. Table shows unstandardized regression coefficients (B) and 95% CIs for difference-in-differences estimates of the effect of calorie labeling, comparing change in outcomes from pre- to post-labeling among prepared foods compared to change from pre- to post-labeling among comparison foods. Analyses of continuously available items included data from July 2015 through January 2019; the chains implemented calorie labels in April 2017. Analyses estimated linear mixed models to account for repeated observations, treating the intercept as random. Analyses of secondary outcomes (calories/100 grams and grams/item) included fewer observations due to missing data on those outcomes; Appendix Table 4 shows the number of unique products included in analyses of each outcome. Boldface indicates statistically significant coefficients (p<0.05). Prepared foods were items subject to the new calorie labeling requirement; comparison foods were packaged products similar to prepared items but not subject to the new calorie labeling requirement. Bakery items were muffins, pastries, bagels, biscuits, cookies, and rolls. Entrees and sides were main course items or side dish items such as rotisserie chicken, sandwiches, chicken wings, pizza, macaroni and cheese, potato salad, and soups. Deli meats and cheeses were pre-sliced deli meats such as turkey, ham, or chicken breast or pre-sliced deli cheeses.