Table 3.

Association of Implementation of Calorie Labeling With Changes in Median Total Calories, Energy Density, and Product Size Among Newly Introduced Prepared Foods

	Total calories (calories/item)	Energy density (calories/100 grams)	Product size (grams/item)
Food type	B (95%CI)	B (95%CI)	B (95%CI)
Bakery items, n=2,078	−440.0 (−773.9, −106.1)	11.7 (−25.2, 48.5)	−278.0 (−381.1, −174.9)
Entrees & sides, n=3,465	186.9 (−12.2, 386.0)	−23.7 (−63.6, 16.2)	130.3 (19.1, 241.6)
Deli meat & cheese, n=1,213	−338.0 (−850.3, 174.2)	25.0 (−126.0, 175.9)	−9.4 (−129.3, 110.5)

Notes: ns refer to unique products included in analyses of the primary outcome, total calories. Table shows unstandardized regression coefficients (B) and 95% CIs for difference-in-differences estimates of effect of calorie labeling, comparing change in outcomes from pre- to post-labeling among prepared foods compared to change over time among comparison foods. Analyses of newly introduced items included data from January 2016 through January 2019; the chains implemented calorie labels in April 2017. Analyses used median regression to account for highly skewed outcomes. Analyses of secondary outcomes (calories/100 grams and grams/item) included fewer observations due to missing data on those outcomes; Appendix Table 4 shows the number of unique products included in each analysis. Boldface indicates statistically significant coefficients (p<0.05). Prepared foods were items subject to the new calorie labeling requirement; comparison foods were packaged products similar to prepared items but not subject to the new calorie labeling requirement. Bakery items were muffins, pastries, bagels, biscuits, cookies, and rolls. Entrees and sides were main course items or side dish items such as rotisserie chicken, sandwiches, chicken wings, pizza, macaroni and cheese, potato salad, and soups. Deli meats and cheeses were pre-sliced deli meats such as turkey, ham, or chicken breast or pre-sliced deli cheeses.