Table 2.
Epidemiological and clinical features of pediatric COVID-19 stratified by three clinical types
| Total (n = 46) | Asympotamic infection (n=10) | Upper respiratory infection (n=21) | Pneumonia (n = 15) | Pa value | |
| Demographic and clinical characteristics of pediatric COVID-19 | |||||
| Male, n(%) | 27 (55) | 5(50) | 11(52) | 11(73) | 0.371 |
| Female, n(%) | 19(45) | 5(50) | 10(48) | 4(27) | •• |
| Age, years (Median, range) | 10(0.3-18) | 9.5(1-16) | 10(0.3-18) | 11(0.7-18) | 0.743 |
| Epidemiological history, n(%) | 46(100) | 10(100) | 21(100) | 15(100) | •• |
| Fever, n(%) | 25 (54) | 0 | 13 (62) | 12 (80) | <0.001 (0.245) |
| Cough, n(%) | 17(37) | 0 | 10 (48) | 7 (47) | 0.024 (0.955) |
| Runny nose/sniffle/sore throat, n(%) | 12(26) | 0 | 8 (38) | 4 (27) | 0.078 |
| Diarrhea, n(%) | 5 (11) | 0 | 3 (14) | 2 (13) | 0.457 |
| Tachypnea, n(%) | 1 (2) | 0 | 0 | 1 | •• |
| Underlying disease, n | 2 | 0 | 1b | 1c | •• |
| Laboratory and image characteristics of pediatric COVID-19 | |||||
| White blood cells [(4-10) × 10⁹cells/L], (Median, range) | 5.65 (3.30-12.50) | 5.00 (3.85-9.50) | 6.70 (3.30-11.90) | 5.20 (3.80-12.50) | 0.292 |
| Lymphocytes [(1.1-3.2) × 10⁹cells/L], (Median, range) | 2.05 (0.50-8.20) | 2.45 (1.20-6.60) | 2.10 (0.50-8.20) | 1.70 (0.80-4.10) | 0.127 |
| Ratio of neutrophils/lymphocytes | 1.50 (0.20-11.60) | 0.85 (0.30-2.30) | 1.50 (0.20-11.60) | 1.80 (0.50-6.00) | 0.180 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (<40 U/L), (Median, range) | 18.5(5-105) | 14(9-23) | 21(10-105) | 20(5-77) | 0.061 |
| C-reactive protein (<8 mg/L), (Median, range) | 2.4(0.2-43.1) | 1.1(0.2-5.9) | 2.2(0.2-5.8) | 2.8(0.4-43.1) | 0.154 |
| Procalcitonin (<0.46 ng/ml), (Median, range) | 0.06 (0.01-0.25) | 0.12 (0.02-0.25) | 0.05 (0.01-0.25) | 0.04 (0.01-0.14) | 0.215 |
| Pneumonia imaging, n(%) | 12(36) | 0 | 0 | 15(100) | •• |
| Ground-glass opacity, n(%) | 9 (24) | 0 | 0 | 9(60) | •• |
| Time to become PCR-negative and duration of hospitalization | |||||
| dDuration of positive nucleic acid by throat swab, days (Median, range) | 12(3-27) | 12(4-22) | 15(3-27) | 12(3-21) | 0.544 |
| PCR-positivity of anal swab after throat swab PCR becoming negative, n(%) | 26(57) | 8(80) | 13(42) | 5(33) | 0.056 |
| eDuration of positive fecal nucleic acid after throat swab PCR becoming negative, days (Median, range) | 10(3-53) | 9(4-23) | 10(3-53) | 12(10-31) | 0.263 |
| Duration of hospitalization, days (Median, range) | 20(3-33) | 20(15-27) | 22(3-33) | 15(5-29) | 0.102 |
a
p values indicate the difference among 3 groups, P values in parentheses indicate the difference between Group 2 and 3; the Chi-squared test was used for rate comparison, analysis of variance was used for mean comparison, and the rank sum test was used for median comparison
b
fatty liver disease, diabetes;
c
ankylosing spondylitis;
d
days from the first positive to the last positive nucleic acid test using a throat swab, followed by two consecutive negatives with an interval of at least 24 hours;
e
days from the first positive to the last positive of the nucleic acid test using an anal swab, followed by one negative result.