Table 4.
Baseline characteristics and analyses of factors associated with the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis of patients with hepatitis B virus infection
|
|
Subclinical atherosclerosis
|
No subclinical atherosclerosis
|
Univariate analysis
|
Multivariate analysis
|
Adjusted multivariate analysis
|
||
|
n
= 49
|
n
= 152
|
P
value
|
OR (95%CI)
|
P
value
|
OR (95%CI)
|
P
value
|
|
| Age, yr | 57 (53.5-62.0) | 42 (33.0-52.0) | < 0.001 | 1.10 (1.06-1.16) | < 0.001 | 1.19 (1.12-1.25) | < 0.001 |
| Age > 50 yr (%) | 45 (91.8) | 46 (30.3) | < 0.001 | 21.9 (6.7-71.8) | < 0.001 | ||
| Male sex (%) | 31 (63.3) | 84 (55.3) | 0.207 | - | - | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 70.0 (64-77) | 69.5 (62-80) | 0.261 | - | - | ||
| Central obesity (%) | 13 (26.5) | 24 (16.0) | 0.079 | - | 0.298 | 0.356 | |
| Tobacco exposure (%) | 22 (44.9) | 38 (25.2) | 0.008 | - | 0.208 | 0.920 | |
| Alcohol intake1 (%) | 14 (28.5) | 20 (13.5) | 0.016 | - | 0.876 | 0.092 | |
| Arterial hypertension (%) | 18 (36.7) | 20 (13.2) | 0.001 | - | 0.789 | 0.419 | |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 5 (10.2) | 5 (3.3) | 0.067 | - | 0.994 | 0.457 | |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 16 (32.6) | 18 (11.9) | 0.001 | - | 0.876 | 0.786 | |
| Chronic hepatitis B (%) | 20 (40.8) | 28 (18.4) | 0.002 | 3.35 (1.20-9.10) | 0.017 | 1.89 (1.75-2.04) | < 0.001 |
| Liver cirrhosis (%) | 5 (10.2) | 7 (4.6) | 0.138 | - | - | ||
| ALT, IU/mL | 29 (22.0-43.5) | 24 (17.0-34.0) | 0.310 | - | -- | ||
| ALT > ULN (%) | 10 (20.4) | 22 (14.5) | 0.220 | - | - | ||
| GGT, IU/mL | 31 (18.0-62.5) | 20 (16.0-28.0) | < 0.001 | - | 0.120 | ||
| GGT > ULN (%) | 16 (32.7) | 8 (5.3) | < 0.001 | 5.90 (1.60-21.40) | 0.007 | 1.27 (1.19-1.36) | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.5 (5.3-5.8) | 5.4 (5.1-5.6) | 0.004 | - | 0.78 | 0.551 | |
| HbA1c ≥ 6% (%) | 7 (14.6) | 6 (4.1) | 0.018 | - | - | ||
| HOMA index | 3.3 (2.2-6.0) | 2.4 (1.7-3.6) | 0.038 | - | 0.054 | ||
| HOMA index > 3 (%) | 22 (45.8) | 51 (34.2) | 0.102 | - | - | ||
| HBsAg, logIU/mL | 3.2 (2.5-3.6) | 3.3 (2.4-4.0) | 0.321 | - | - | ||
| HBV DNA, logIU/mL | 3.1(2.4-3.8) | 2.9 (2.3-3.5) | 0.533 | - | - | ||
| Transient elastography, kPa | 6.2(4.2-10.3) | 5.2 (4.2-6.9) | 0.059 | -- | 0.327 | 1.01 (1.00-1.01) | < 0.001 |
| CAP, dB/m | 246 (210.0-289.0) | 213 (185.0-261.5) | 0.004 | -- | 0.220 | 1.000 (1.000-1.001) | 0.006 |
| CAP > 227 dB/m (%) | 29 (67.4) | 51 (38.3) | 0.001 | -- | 0.172 | ||
Data are given as mean ± SD or as n (%).
Significant alcohol intake was defined as > 30 g per day for male and > 20 g per day for female.At the multivariate logistic regression model only patients with available data for all the variables were included (n = 250). The cut-off for inclusion was a P value < 0.10 in the univariate model. ALT: Alanine transaminase; BMI: Body mass index; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; CI: Confidence interval; CAP: control attenuation parameter; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; GGT: Gamma glutamyltransferase; OR: Odds ratio; ULN: Upper limit of normality; HOMA: Homeostasis model assessment; HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen.