Table 5.

Altered microbiome composition in acute pancreatitis vs healthy controls

No.	Techniques used for microbiome profiling	Healthy control	Acute pancreatitis	Ref.
1	qPCR (Fecal samples)	Firmicutes↑	Firmicutes↓	[84]
		Bacteroidetes↓	Bacteroidetes↑
		Proteobacteria↓	Proteobacteria↑
		Actinobacteria↑	Actinobacteria↓
		Tenericutes↓	Tenericutes↑
2	16S rRNA gene sequencing (Fecal samples)	Proteobacteria↓	Bacteroidetes↓	[83]
			Proteobacteria↑
			Escherichia/Shigella↑
			Enterococcus↑
			Enterobacteriaceae↑
			Prevotella↓
			Faecalibacterium↓
			Bifidobacterium↓
3	16S rRNA gene sequencing (Fecal samples)	NA	Bacteroidetes↑	[85]
			Proteobacteria↑
			Firmicutes↓
			Actinobacteria↓
4	16S rRNA gene sequencing (Fecal samples)	NA	Enterobacteriaceae↑	[21]
			Enterococcus↑
			Bifidobacteria↓

NA: Not available. ↑: Higher level; ↓: Lower level.