Table 6.
Altered microbiome composition observed in acute pancreatitis of increasing severity
| No. | Techniques used for microbiome profiling | MAP | MSAP | SAP | Ref. |
| 1 | qPCR (Fecal samples), performed only on MAP and SAP patients | Enterococcus↑ | NA | Enterococcus↑ | [79] |
| Enterobacteriaceae↑ | Enterobacteriaceae↑ | ||||
| Bifidobacterium↓ | Bifidobacterium↓ | ||||
| 2 | 16S rRNA gene sequencing (Fecal samples) | Finegoldia↑ | NA | Acinetobacter↑ | [83] |
| Stentrophomonas↑ | |||||
| Geobacillus↑ | |||||
| Bacteroides↓ | |||||
| Alloprevotella↓ | |||||
| Blautia↓ | |||||
| Gemella↓ | |||||
| 3 | 16S rRNA sequencing (Fecal sample) | Enterobacteriaceae↑ | NA | Enterobacteriaceae↑ | [85] |
| Enterococcus↑ | Enterococcus↑ | ||||
| Bifidobacterium↓ | Bifidobacterium↓ | ||||
| Blautia↓ | |||||
| 4 | 16S rRNA gene sequencing (Rectal swab) | Bacteroides↑ | Bacteroides↑ | Bacteroides↑ | [82] |
| Escherichia/Shigella↑ | Escherichia/Shigella↑ | Escherichia/Shigella↑ | |||
| Enterococcus↑ | Enterococcus↑ | Enterococcus↑ | |||
| Eubacterium hallii↓ | |||||
| Finegoldia↑ | Anaerococcus↑ | Acinetobacter↓ | |||
| Stenotrophomonas↓ | |||||
| Blautia↓ | Eubacterium hallii↓ | Bacteroides↓ | |||
| Blautia↓ | |||||
| 5 | Shotgun metagenomics (Fecal sample) | Thermoprotei↑ | Sulfolobus↑ | Sulfolobus↑ | [86] |
| Crenarchaeota↑ | Methanobrevibacter ruminantium↑ | Methanomicrobiales - archaeon 53_19↑ | |||
| Streptococcus↑ | Methanosarcina - Thermophila↑ | Enterococcus↑ | |||
| Anaerostipes hadrus↓ | Anaerostipes hadrus↓ | Blautia↓ | |||
| Escherichia coli↑ |
MAP: Mild acute pancreatitis; MSAP: Moderately severe acute pancreatitis; NA: Not available; SAP: Severe acute pancreatitis; ↑: Higher level; ↓: Lower level.