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. 2021 Aug 21;27(31):5201–5218. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i31.5201

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©The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/

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Simplified pathophysiology of systemic sclerosis. SSc: Systemic sclerosis; Th2: Type 2 T helper; Th1: Type 1 T helper; TGF-beta: Transforming growth factor beta; TXA2: Thromboxane A2; ET-1: Endothelin 1; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; IL: Interleukin.