Table 2.
Frequencies of covariates at baseline and outcomes in the study population.
| Covariates | Women | Men | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study population | Sick leave > 14 days |
Study population | Sick leave > 14 days |
|||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
| Occupation (ISCO-88) | ||||||||
| Armed forces | 1097 | 0.1 | 137 | 0.0 | 14,712 | 0.6 | 733 | 0.3 |
| Legislators, senior officials and managers | 93,036 | 4.3 | 12,507 | 2.9 | 172,008 | 7.4 | 11,141 | 4.4 |
| Professionals | 423,469 | 19.6 | 68,434 | 15.9 | 374,064 | 16.2 | 25,078 | 9.8 |
| Technicians and associate professionals | 441,827 | 20.4 | 86,517 | 20.1 | 385,983 | 16.7 | 33,733 | 13.2 |
| Clerks | 218,295 | 10.1 | 38,720 | 9.0 | 110,602 | 4.8 | 13,819 | 5.4 |
| Personal and protective services workers | 515,346 | 23.8 | 133,487 | 31.0 | 141,234 | 6.1 | 19,105 | 7.5 |
| Models, salespersons and demonstrators | 135,688 | 6.3 | 25,563 | 5.9 | 83,894 | 3.6 | 8283 | 3.2 |
| Skilled agricultural and fishery workers | 14,041 | 0.6 | 2238 | 0.5 | 52,308 | 2.3 | 5038 | 2.0 |
| Craft and related trades workers | 20,972 | 1.0 | 4583 | 1.1 | 374,524 | 16.2 | 56,701 | 22.2 |
| Plant and machine operators and assemblers | 59,493 | 2.8 | 15,297 | 3.6 | 331,251 | 14.3 | 49,423 | 19.4 |
| Elementary occupations | 135,158 | 6.3 | 30,999 | 7.2 | 121,956 | 5.3 | 18,666 | 7.3 |
| Occupation unknown | 102,697 | 4.8 | 11,835 | 2.8 | 150,309 | 6.5 | 13,147 | 5.2 |
| Branch (NACE Rev. 2) | ||||||||
| Land management (A) | 18,492 | 0.9 | 1813 | 0.4 | 61,449 | 2.7 | 4487 | 1.8 |
| Manufacturing (B,C,D,E) | 142,507 | 6.6 | 25,921 | 6.0 | 456,815 | 19.8 | 55,764 | 21.9 |
| Construction (F) | 26,008 | 1.2 | 4,044 | 0.9 | 279,547 | 12.1 | 39,182 | 15.4 |
| Trade (G) | 241,419 | 11.2 | 41,819 | 9.7 | 295,177 | 12.8 | 30,086 | 11.8 |
| Transportation (H) | 49,126 | 2.3 | 10,787 | 2.5 | 172,116 | 7.4 | 25,257 | 9.9 |
| Hotel, restaurant, entertainment (I,R) | 115,263 | 5.3 | 18,508 | 4.3 | 109,818 | 4.7 | 10,974 | 4.3 |
| Business services (J,K,L,M,N,S) | 412,042 | 19.1 | 69,105 | 16.1 | 521,476 | 22.5 | 44,656 | 17.5 |
| Public administration (O) | 150,051 | 6.9 | 28,847 | 6.7 | 114,548 | 5.0 | 11,340 | 4.4 |
| Education (P) | 351,542 | 16.3 | 74,771 | 17.4 | 119,302 | 5.2 | 11,809 | 4.6 |
| Social services (Q) | 598,691 | 27.7 | 147,172 | 34.2 | 132,710 | 5.7 | 17,466 | 6.9 |
| Branch unknown | 55,978 | 2.6 | 7,530 | 1.7 | 49,887 | 2.1 | 3846 | 1.5 |
| Sickness insurance history | ||||||||
| Sick leave > 14 days during 2014 | 71,080 | 3.3 | 64,979 | 15.1 | 31,491 | 1.4 | 29,610 | 11.6 |
| Partial disability pension during 2014 | 57,914 | 2.7 | 17,437 | 4.1 | 29,537 | 1.3 | 5,854 | 2.3 |
| Age in years | ||||||||
| 16–19 | 16,435 | 0.8 | 1,091 | 0.3 | 11,807 | 0.5 | 792 | 0.3 |
| 20–24 | 176,966 | 8.2 | 24,755 | 5.8 | 181,507 | 7.8 | 15,934 | 6.3 |
| 25–29 | 207,101 | 9.6 | 43,094 | 10.0 | 229,881 | 9.9 | 20,888 | 8.2 |
| 30–34 | 218,144 | 10.1 | 47,707 | 11.1 | 242,372 | 10.5 | 22,339 | 8.8 |
| 35–39 | 234,533 | 10.9 | 48,706 | 11.3 | 254,093 | 11.0 | 24,962 | 9.8 |
| 40–44 | 265,709 | 12.3 | 52,537 | 12.2 | 281,082 | 12.2 | 29,427 | 11.5 |
| 45–49 | 275,924 | 12.8 | 58,130 | 13.5 | 290,970 | 12.6 | 34,322 | 13.5 |
| 50–54 | 252,914 | 11.7 | 58,326 | 13.6 | 262,897 | 11.4 | 36,272 | 14.2 |
| 55–59 | 230,412 | 10.7 | 57,134 | 13.3 | 236,143 | 10.2 | 39,228 | 15.4 |
| 60–64 | 198,599 | 9.2 | 36,667 | 8.5 | 206,483 | 8.9 | 27,957 | 11.0 |
| 65–69 | 84,382 | 3.9 | 2,170 | 0.5 | 115,610 | 5.0 | 2,746 | 1.1 |
| Civil status | ||||||||
| Married | 967,404 | 44.8 | 189,560 | 44.1 | 998,647 | 43.2 | 108,125 | 42.4 |
| Unmarried | 892,775 | 41.3 | 169,828 | 39.5 | 1,080,449 | 46.7 | 113,374 | 44.5 |
| Divorced | 270,876 | 12.5 | 65,597 | 15.2 | 221,879 | 9.6 | 32,091 | 12.6 |
| Widow/widower | 30,064 | 1.4 | 5,332 | 1.2 | 11,870 | 0.5 | 1,277 | 0.5 |
| Children in the family | ||||||||
| Below age 3 | 229,306 | 10.6 | 47,196 | 11.0 | 261,590 | 11.3 | 24,449 | 9.6 |
| 3–8 years old | 401,993 | 18.6 | 82,663 | 19.2 | 438,627 | 19.0 | 45,790 | 18.0 |
| 9–12 years old | 295,741 | 13.7 | 60,905 | 14.2 | 304,150 | 13.2 | 34,030 | 13.4 |
| 13–15 years old | 221,720 | 10.3 | 46,769 | 10.9 | 221,681 | 9.6 | 26,287 | 10.3 |
| Country of birth (Region) | ||||||||
| Sweden (ref.) | 1,846,622 | 85.4 | 364,347 | 84.7 | 1,975,688 | 85.4 | 212,282 | 83.3 |
| Other Nordic countries | 53,290 | 2.5 | 11,213 | 2.6 | 41,938 | 1.8 | 5,706 | 2.2 |
| Other European union countries (EU 27) | 52,599 | 2.4 | 9,867 | 2.3 | 60,082 | 2.6 | 6,469 | 2.5 |
| Other European countries | 59,414 | 2.7 | 13,045 | 3.0 | 60,021 | 2.6 | 8,766 | 3.4 |
| Africa south of Sahara | 17,985 | 0.8 | 3,497 | 0.8 | 22,327 | 1.0 | 2,342 | 0.9 |
| Asia except Middle East | 49,373 | 2.3 | 8,078 | 1.9 | 35,596 | 1.5 | 3,090 | 1.2 |
| Middle East, North Africa, Turkey | 55,396 | 2.6 | 14,433 | 3.4 | 88,250 | 3.8 | 12,620 | 5.0 |
| North America | 7,115 | 0.3 | 1,320 | 0.3 | 8,427 | 0.4 | 835 | 0.3 |
| South America | 18,588 | 0.9 | 4,416 | 1.0 | 18,823 | 0.8 | 2,599 | 1.0 |
| Oceania | 737 | 0.0 | 101 | 0.0 | 1,693 | 0.1 | 158 | 0.1 |
| Education (ISCED 1997) | ||||||||
| Primary education < 9 years | 32,733 | 1.5 | 5,667 | 1.3 | 56,627 | 2.4 | 6,071 | 2.4 |
| Primary education 9 or 10 years | 141,587 | 6.6 | 32,089 | 7.5 | 245,456 | 10.6 | 38,103 | 15.0 |
| Secondary education (ref.) | 983,129 | 45.5 | 214,710 | 49.9 | 1,190,790 | 51.5 | 149,207 | 58.5 |
| Post-secondary education < 2 years | 123,310 | 5.7 | 21,021 | 4.9 | 175,465 | 7.6 | 14,698 | 5.8 |
| Post-secondary education ≥ 2 years | 851,290 | 39.4 | 153,310 | 35.6 | 592,559 | 25.6 | 43,503 | 17.1 |
| Doctoral education | 21,943 | 1.0 | 2,557 | 0.6 | 33,210 | 1.4 | 1,667 | 0.7 |
| Education unknown | 7,127 | 0.3 | 963 | 0.2 | 18,738 | 0.8 | 1,618 | 0.6 |
| Income from work 2014 (in € at exchange rate to SEK 9.1) | ||||||||
| 0 | 51,303 | 2.4 | 5,051 | 1.2 | 63,205 | 2.7 | 3,069 | 1.2 |
| 0.1–1176 | 30,569 | 1.4 | 4,669 | 1.1 | 22,053 | 1.0 | 1,324 | 0.5 |
| 1177–6608 | 110,862 | 5.1 | 16,896 | 3.9 | 72,708 | 3.1 | 5,276 | 2.1 |
| 6609–14,492 | 191,505 | 8.9 | 33,168 | 7.7 | 124,981 | 5.4 | 11,797 | 4.6 |
| 14,493–22,263 | 248,543 | 11.5 | 55,477 | 12.9 | 160,600 | 6.9 | 19,905 | 7.8 |
| 22,264–28,101 | 285,174 | 13.2 | 72,749 | 16.9 | 177,201 | 7.7 | 25,551 | 10.0 |
| 28,102–32,486 | 280,925 | 13.0 | 68,873 | 16.0 | 200,222 | 8.7 | 30,068 | 11.8 |
| 32,487–36,220 (ref.) | 250,313 | 11.6 | 55,838 | 13.0 | 237,719 | 10.3 | 34,355 | 13.5 |
| 36,221–40,380 | 217,335 | 10.1 | 43,063 | 10.0 | 273,517 | 11.8 | 36,447 | 14.3 |
| 40,381–46,154 | 189,963 | 8.8 | 33,179 | 7.7 | 303,697 | 13.1 | 35,948 | 14.1 |
| 46,155–56,809 | 167,013 | 7.7 | 25,526 | 5.9 | 323,872 | 14.0 | 30,123 | 11.8 |
| 56,810 and above | 137,614 | 6.4 | 15,828 | 3.7 | 353,070 | 15.3 | 21,004 | 8.2 |
| Municipality of residence (SKL 2017) | ||||||||
| Metropolitan municipalities | 414,643 | 19.2 | 75,781 | 17.6 | 423,442 | 18.3 | 39,445 | 15.5 |
| Suburban municipalities | 408,740 | 18.9 | 80,537 | 18.7 | 429,407 | 18.6 | 45,518 | 17.9 |
| Large cities (ref.) | 505,381 | 23.4 | 100,098 | 23.3 | 537,054 | 23.2 | 58,515 | 23.0 |
| Commuter municipalities to large cities | 174,143 | 8.1 | 37,109 | 8.6 | 192,368 | 8.3 | 23,701 | 9.3 |
| Low commuter municipalities to large cities | 127,864 | 5.9 | 27,466 | 6.4 | 144,110 | 6.2 | 17,841 | 7.0 |
| Small towns | 277,221 | 12.8 | 56,221 | 13.1 | 300,983 | 13.0 | 34,743 | 13.6 |
| Commuter municipalities to small towns | 120,022 | 5.6 | 25,045 | 5.8 | 136,207 | 5.9 | 16,718 | 6.6 |
| Municipalities in sparsely populated regions | 101,531 | 4.7 | 21,800 | 5.1 | 115,286 | 5.0 | 14,426 | 5.7 |
| Municipalities in sparsely populated regions with tourism and travel industry | 31,574 | 1.5 | 6,260 | 1.5 | 33,988 | 1.5 | 3,960 | 1.6 |
| Self-selected waiting days for self-employed | ||||||||
| Employee, 1 waiting day | 2,138,761 | 99.0 | 427,277 | 99.3 | 2,269,283 | 98.1 | 251,131 | 98.5 |
| Self-employed 1 or 3 waiting days | 9,596 | 0.4 | 1,669 | 0.4 | 15,126 | 0.7 | 2,132 | 0.8 |
| Self-employed,14 waiting days | 1,589 | 0.1 | 286 | 0.1 | 2,666 | 0.1 | 284 | 0.1 |
| Self-employed, 30 or more waiting days | 3,935 | 0.2 | 377 | 0.1 | 8,211 | 0.4 | 459 | 0.2 |
| Self-employed, waiting days unknown | 7,238 | 0.3 | 708 | 0.2 | 17,559 | 0.8 | 861 | 0.3 |
| Sector of employment and size of private employers | ||||||||
| State | 169,005 | 7.8 | 32,748 | 7.6 | 189,191 | 8.2 | 20,373 | 8.0 |
| Municipality | 644,657 | 29.8 | 153,986 | 35.8 | 202,692 | 8.8 | 26,424 | 10.4 |
| County councils | 208,925 | 9.7 | 45,857 | 10.7 | 56,156 | 2.4 | 6,380 | 2.5 |
| Private with unknown number of employees | 84,410 | 3.9 | 8,702 | 2.0 | 104,258 | 4.5 | 6,774 | 2.7 |
| Private with 1–9 employees | 239,615 | 11.1 | 32,265 | 7.5 | 486,944 | 21.1 | 44,993 | 17.7 |
| Private with 10–49 employees | 209,350 | 9.7 | 37,051 | 8.6 | 397,673 | 17.2 | 46,343 | 18.2 |
| Private with 50–249 employees | 201,022 | 9.3 | 38,413 | 8.9 | 317,381 | 13.7 | 38,132 | 15.0 |
| Private with more than 249 employees | 393,095 | 18.2 | 80,509 | 18.7 | 552,515 | 23.9 | 65,099 | 25.5 |
| Sector unknown | 11,040 | 0.5 | 786 | 0.2 | 6,035 | 0.3 | 349 | 0.1 |
| Total | 2,161,119 | 100.0 | 430,317 | 100.0 | 2,312,845 | 100.0 | 254,867 | 100.0 |