Table 1.

Episealer implants patients selection criteria

Inclusion criteria

Exclusion criteria

Age ≥ 18 Focal femoral knee chondral or osteochondral lesion Focal chondral and osteochondral lesions: ICRS III–IVb Symptoms of pain and disability Failed non-operative treatment No radiographic loss of joint space on PA 30° Meniscus volume: 50% or more, without extrusion Bone: no deformities, erosions, or deep cystic formations Failed cartilage repair procedure Normal or ICRS I-II opposite articular surface Neutral alignment: defined as < 3 degrees deviation of tibiofemoral mechanical axes Patient expectations appropriate, and no high impact activities

Bone on bone disease Multifocal chondral defects Severe chondral lesion (ICRS III–IV) on opposing surface Previous mini implant focal resurfacing Systemic and/or inflammatory joint disease Joint instability or malalignment that is not correctable at the time of treatment On-going infection in the knee joint Inflammatory arthritis or radiographic osteoarthritis Sensitivity to materials typically used in orthopaedic implants (self-reported or prior exposure) Inadequate bone stock at site of insertion Existing prosthesis in compartment of treatment or opposing surface