Table 1.
Previous articles reporting biodiesel production from vegetable oils and homogeneous catalyst by ultrasound irradiation.
| Oil feedstock | Ultrasonic reactor type | Frequency [kHz]/Power [W] | T [°C] | Time [min] | Alcohol:oil molar ratio | Catalyst [wt%] | Yield [%] | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soybean | Probe | 20; 28 / 400 | 45 | 45 | 8:1 | KOH; 1.8 | 96.5 | [15] |
| Soybean | Bath | 40 / 800 | 35 | 60 | 5:1 | KOH; 0.7 | 95.5 | [16] |
| Soybean | Probe* | 20 / 400 | 30 | 30 | 6:1 | KOH; 0.7 | 98 | [17] |
| Soybean | Horn* | 19.7 / 150 | 45 | 30 | 6:1 | NaOH; 1 | 98 | [18] |
| Palm | Bath | 20; 50 / 400 | 45 | 60 | 6:1 | NaOH; 1 | 94 | [19] |
| Palm | Bath | 28; 40; 70 / 300 | 60 | 45 | 3:1 | KOH; 1 | 93 | [20] |
| Rapeseed | Uninformed* | 40 / 400 | 40 | 40 | 6:1 | NaOH; 1 | 75.6 | [21] |
| Canola | Transducer | 20 / 1000 | 35 | 50 | 5:1 | KOH; 0.7 | 99 | [22] |
| Sunflower | Horn* | 24 /200 | 60 | 60 | 7:1 | NaOH; 2 | 95 | [23] |
| WCO | Horn | 20/ 200 | 45 | 40 | 6:1 | KOH; 1 | 89% | [24] |
| WFO | Probe | 24 / 400 | 55 | 30 | 6:1 | KOH; 1 | 79.6 | [25] |
* Mechanical stirring with ultrasonic irradiation.