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. 2021 Aug 25;9:53. doi: 10.1186/s40560-021-00555-7

Table 13.

Target therapeutic agents by causative microorganism

Causative microorganism Source of infection Susceptibility result Options Alternatives Remarks
Gram-positive cocci in clusters [GPC in clusters]
Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus(continued) Catheter-related bloodstream infections, vertebral osteomyelitis / septic arthritis / iliopsoas abscess, native valve endocarditis (without intracranial dissemination), pneumonia MSSA(PCG: S & CEZ: S) * When determining “PCG: S”, non-producer of penicillinase must be confirmed. PCG 4,000,000 units, every 4–6 h [111–113] or ABPC 2 g, every 4–6 h [5] (endocarditis: every 4 h; other: every 4–6 h) CEZ
MSSA(PCG: R & CEZ: S) CEZ 2 g, every 8 h [5, 11, 114] Concomitant GM is not recommended [11].
MRSA(CEZ: R & VCM: S) VCM initial dose 25–30 mg/kg, subsequent doses 15–20 mg/kg, every 12 h [5, 11, 18, 87, 114, 115] DAP (excluding pneumonia) or TEIC or LZD [5, 11, 18, 115] VCM target trough value 15–20 μg/mL [11, 18, 115].
Native valve endocarditis(with intracranial dissemination), post-operative meningitis (including cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection) MSSA(PCG: S & CEZ: S) *When determining “PCG: S”, non-producer of penicillinase must be confirmed. PCG 4,000,000 units, every 4–6 h [111–113] or ABPC 2 g, every 4–6 h [5] (endocarditis: every 4 h; other: every 4–6 h) Avoid CEZ
MSSA(CEZ: S) CTRX 2 g, every 12 h or CFPM 2 g, every 8 h or MEPM 2 g, every 8 h [11, 89] Avoid CEZ CTX was listed in ESC 2015 [114].
MRSA(CEZ: R & VCM: S) VCM initial dose 25–30 mg/kg,subsequent doses 15–20 mg/kg, every 12 h [5, 11, 18, 87, 114, 115] DAP or TEIC or LZD [11, 18, 115] VCM target trough levels: 15–20 μg/mL [11, 18, 115]. VCM + RFP, etc. for BSAC 2012 [116]
Prosthetic valve endocarditis GM: S & RFP: S Each regimen of native valve endocarditis (mentioned above) + GM 2–3 mg/kg, every 24 h ± oral RFP 600 mg once a day (combination of three drugs) [11, 87, 114, 115] Concomitant use of GM for 2 weeks. Target GM levels: 3–5 μg/mL at peak, less than 1 μg/mL at trough [11, 18]. See section on “Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus (CNS)” (next section) for RFP addition
GM: R, AMK or LVFX: S Substitute for GM in previous section: AMK or LVFX
Toxic shock syndrome CLDM: S Each above-mentioned regimen+CLDM 600 mg, every 8 h [117]
CLDM: R & LZD: S Each above-mentioned regimen+CLDM 600 mg, every 8 h or each above-mentioned regimen+LZD 600 mg, every 12 h [117] CLDM is for toxin production suppression purposes (suppression can also be done even when R) [118]
Coagulase-negativeStaphylococcus(CNS) Catheter-related bloodstream infections, prosthetic valve endocarditis, prosthetic joint infection ・Susceptibility-based selection is similar with that for Staphylococcus aureus. → see section on “Staphylococcus aureus” (above). ・RFP addition can be considered when conducting hardware retention strategy for prosthetic valve endocarditis or prosthetic joint infection. → Never use RFP alone due to rapid development of resistance. There is expert opinion on avoiding its use when there is a large quantity of bacteria. Susceptibility test results serve as a reference [5, 11, 87, 114].
Gram-positive cocci in chains <GPC in chains>
Streptococcus pneumoniae*Note that PCG susceptibility criteria differ for meningitis and non-meningitis Other than meningitis (e.g., pneumonia) PCG: S(MIC ≤2 μg/mL) PCG 2,000,000 units, every 4 h or ABPC 2 g, every 6–8 h [5] (PCG 4,000,000 units, every 4 h or ABPC 2 g, every 4 h for endocarditis/invasive infection) CTRX
PCG: I or R(MIC ≥4 μg/mL) CTRX 2 g, every 24 h [5] VCM or LVFX (if S)
Meningitis PCG: S(MIC ≤0.06 μg/mL) PCG 4,000,000 units, every 4 h [5, 12] or ABPC 2 g, every 4 h [5, 119] CTRX
PCG: R(MIC ≥0.12 μg/mL)& CTRX: S(MIC ≤0.5 μg/mL) CTRX 2 g, every 12 h [5, 12] CFPM [89]
PCG: R(MIC ≥0.12 μg/mL)& CTRX: I or R(MIC ≥1.0 μg/mL) VCM initial dose 25–30 mg/kg,subsequent doses 15–20 mg/kg, every 12 h + CTRX 2 g, every 12 h [5, 12, 18] (considering CTRX MIC>2 μg/mL& RFP: S, and RFP addition) [5, 119] VCM target trough levels: 15–20 μg/mL [12, 18]
Group A, B, C, F, G Streptococcus β-hemolytic cocci in chains Bacteremia, soft tissue infection PCG: S PCG 2–4,000,000 units, every 4 h [5] or ABPC 2 g, every 4–6 h CEZ or CTRX CLDM is for toxin production suppression purposes (suppression can also be done even when R)
Toxic shock syndrome PCG: S Each above-mentioned regimen+CLDM 600 mg, every 8 h [5, 73]
Viridans Streptococcus,S. gallolytics (S. bovis) Endocarditis PCG MIC ≤0.12 μg/mL PCG 4,000,000 units, every 4 h [5] or ABPC 2 g, every 4–6 h [11] CTRX [5] PCG can be continuously infused for 24 h [5], or divided between 6-h intervals [87, 114]. PCG 2–3,000,000 units, every 4 h is also an option (native valve [87, 114], prosthetic valve [114])
PCG MIC =0.25 μg/mL “PCG 4,000,000 units, every 4 h or ABPC 2 g, every 4 h” +GM 3 mg/kg, every 24 h (or 1 mg/kg, 2–3 times per day) [5, 11, 18, 87, 114] CTRX (if MIC ≤0.5 μg/mL) + GM PCG can be continuously infused for 24 h [5]. Target GM levels: 3–5 μg/mL at peak, less than 1 μg/mL at trough [11, 18]. Concomitant GM for 2 weeks in case native valve, 6 weeks in case of prosthetic valve
PCG MIC ≥0.5 Consult an infectious disease specialist [11, 87, 114]
Other than endocarditis (e.g., pneumonia, bacteremia, febrile neutropenia) PCG: S PCG 2–3,000,000 units, every 4–6 h or ABPC 2 g, every 6–8 h [5, 120] CTRX For PCG, there is also a method of continuous infusion for 24 h [5]
PCG: I/R & CTRX: S CTRX 2 g, every 24 h [120]
PCG: I/R & CTRX: R & VCM: S VCM initial dose 25–30 mg/kg,subsequent doses 15–20 mg/kg, every 12 h [120]
Enterococcussp. Endocarditis PCG: S (1) When MIC≤500 μg/mL in high-level GM resistance tests: “PCG 4,000,000 units, every 4 h or ABPC 2 g, every 4 h” + GM 3 mg/kg, every 24 h (or 1 mg/kg, 2–3 times per day) [5, 11, 87, 114] (2) GM MIC > 500 μg/mL, or when there is no combined use of GM: ABPC 2 g, every 4 h + CTRX 2 g, every 12 h [5, 11, 87, 114] Implement high-level resistance test of GM for endocarditis. Target GM levels: 3–5 μg/mL at peak, less than 1 μg/mL at trough [11, 18]
PCG: R (MIC ≥16 μg/mL)& VCM: S When MIC≤500 μg/mL in high-level GM resistance tests: VCM initial dose 25–30 mg/kg,subsequent doses 15–20 mg/kg, every 12 h [18] + GM 3 mg/kg, every 24 h (or 1 mg/kg, 2–3 times per day) [5, 11] SBT/ABPC: if S, SBT/ABPC+ GM [87, 114] Target GM levels: 3–5 μg/mL at peak, less than 1 μg/mL at trough [11, 18] Target VCM trough levels: 15–20 μg/mL [11, 18]
VCM: R(VRE) DAP+ABPC(Curr Infect Dis Rep 16: 431, 2014) [87, 114] Consultation with infectious disease specialist also necessary
Other than endocarditis PCG: S PCG 3,000,000 units, every 4 h or ABPC 2 g, every 4–6 h [5]
PCG: R & VCM: S VCM initial dose 25–30 mg/kg,subsequent doses 15–20 mg/kg, every 12 h [18]
Gram-positive rods [GPR]
Bacillussp. (other than Bacillus anthracis) Catheter-related bloodstream infections, etc. VCM: S VCM initial dose 25–30 mg/kg,subsequent doses 15–20 mg/kg, every 12 h [5, 18] CLDM [5]
Corynebacteriumsp. Catheter-related bloodstream infections, prosthetic infections, etc. VCM: S VCM initial dose 25–30 mg/kg,subsequent doses 15–20 mg/kg, every 12 h [5, 18] PCG (if S) or TEIC or LZD (if S) [5]
Listeria monocytogenes Meningitis ABPC: S ABPC 2 g, every 4 h [5] ± GM 1.7 mg/kg, every 8 h ST or “ABPC+ST” Consultation with infectious disease specialist also necessary for concomitant use
Nocardiasp. Severe pneumonia / brain abscess / disseminated infection (Routine susceptibility tests are difficult to implement, so antibacterial drug options are shown for severe cases with suspected Nocardia) “ST trimethoprim 240–320 mg, every 8 h + IPM/CS 0.5 g, every 6 h” or “IPM/CS 0.5 g, every 6 h + AMK 15 mg/kg, every 24 h” [5, 121] LZD, MEPM, CTRX, MINO Consultation with infectious disease specialist also necessary. LZD is usually S. ST is rarely R, but room for debate regarding correlation between susceptibility tests and clinical effects. ST: trimethoprim 15 mg/kg/day ≒Japanese ST mixture (1 tablet or 1 g of trimethoprim is 80 mg) 3–4 tablets or 3–4 g, every 8 h
Gram-negative cocci [GNC]
Neisseria meningitidis Meningitis, bacteremia PCG: S (MIC < 0.1 mg/mL) PCG 4,000,000 units, every 4 h or ABPC 2 g, every 4 h [5, 119] CTRX
PCG: R CTRX 2 g, every 12 h [5, 119]
Gram-negative rods (Enterobacteriaceae) [GNR (1)]
Escherichia coli,Proteus mirabilisNote:See section onEnterobacterforProteus vulgaris Enterobacter Urinary tract infection, bacteremia, etc. (excluding meningitis) ABPC: S ABPC 1–2 g, every 6 h [122] CPFX (if S) or ST (if S)
ABPC: R & CEZ: S CEZ 2 g, every 8 h [5, 123, 124]
ABPC: R & CEZ: R & CTRX(CTX): S CTRX 1–2 g, every 24 h [5, 123, 125]
ESBL-producing bacteria “CTRX(CTX): R or CAZ: R”& “MEPM:S & TAZ/PIPC: S & CMZ: S” CMZ 1–2 g, every 8 h [7, 8, 126] TAZ/PIPC 4.5 g, every 6–8 h [9, 127] MEPM 1 g, every 8 h [5, 123, 125] Reports indicating that CMZ and TAZ/PIPC were clinically stable and can be an option for pyelonephritis
Either MEPM or IPM/CS are not S Consult an infectious disease specialist
Meningitis CTRX: S CTRX 2 g, every 12 h [5, 89] Avoid CEZ for meningitis
CTRX: R & MEPM: S MEPM 2 g, every 8 h [89]
Either MEPM or IPM/CS are not S Consult an infectious disease specialist
Klebsiellasp. Urinary tract infection, pneumonia, liver abscess, etc. ・ABPC: even S is naturally resistant, so ABPC is not selected. ・Similar with Escherichia coli in cases other than ABPC, so see section on “Escherichia coli, Proteus” mentioned above. ・Observational studies showing that CTRX has better performance than CEZ even with CEZ:S for invasive liver abscess syndrome [128].
Enterobactersp.,Citrobactersp.,Serratia marcescens,Proteus vulgaris,Morganellasp. Bacteremia, pneumonia, etc. (excluding meningitis) 「CTRX(CTX): S & CAZ: S」& CFPM: S CFPM (1 g, every 8 h or 2 g, every 8–12 h) [5, 123, 125, 129] TAZ/PIPC 4.5 g, every 6–8 h [125] or CTRX 1–2 g, every 24 h [5, 123, 125] MEPM or CPFX (if S) or ST(if S) ABPC is naturally resistant. CTRX, CAZ, and TAZ/PIPC have the potential to become resistant during treatment due to AmpC cephalosporinase production during treatment. Caution is required with cholangitis associated with biliary tract malignancies [130]
「CTRX(CTX): R or CAZ: R」 CFPM: S & MEPM: S CFPM (1 g, every 8 h or 2 g, every 8–12 h) [5, 123, 125] CPFX (if S) or ST(if S)
CFPM: R & MEPM: S MEPM 1 g, every 8 h [5, 123, 125]
Either MEPM or IPM/CS are not S Consult an infectious disease specialist Serratia is naturally resistant to colistin
Meningitis CFPM: S CFPM 2 g, every 8 h [89] Also consult an infectious disease specialist. CTRX is also an option for C. koseri.
MEPM: S MEPM 2 g, every 8 h [89, 131]
Either MEPM or IPM/CS are not S Consult an infectious disease specialist. Serratia is naturally resistant to colistin.
Salmonellasp. (other than abdominal typhus) Bacteremia, extra-intestinal infections (e.g., mycotic aneurysms) ABPC: S ABPC 2 g, every 6 h [131] CPFX (if S)
ABPC: R & CTRX: S CTRX 2 g, every 24 h [131] 2 g, every 12 h for meningitis
ABPC: R & CTRX: R & MEPM: S MEPM 1 g, every 8 h [131] 2 g, every 8 h for meningitis
Gram-negative rods (non-glucose fermenting bacteria) [GNR (2)]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pneumonia, urinary tract infection, bacteremia, febrile neutropenia, etc. (excluding meningitis) CAZ: S CAZ 2 g, every 8 h(or 1 g, every 6 h) [5, 123] MEPM (if S) or CPFX (if S)
CFPM: S CFPM 2 g, every 8–12 h(or 1 g, every 8 h) [ 67, 122]
PIPC: S PIPC 4 g, every 6 h [5] PIPC susceptibility criteria set when at least 3 g is used every 6 h [123]
All of the above and R & MEPM: S MEPM 1 g, every 8 h [5, 123] CPFX (if S)
Either MEPM or IPM/CS are not S Consult an infectious disease specialist
Meningitis CAZ: S or CFPM: S CAZ 2 g, every 8 h or CFPM 2 g, every 8 h [89]
MEPM: S MEPM 2 g, every 8 h [89]
Acinetobacter baumannii Hospital-acquired pneumonia / ventilator-associated pneumonia, wound infection CFPM: S CFPM 2 g, every 8 h [5] CPFX (if S) or MINO (if S)
SBT/ABPC: S At least SBT/ABPC 3 g, every 6 h (consult an infectious disease specialist for severe cases) [5, 132] SBT part exerts antibacterial effect
MEPM: S MEPM 1 g, every 8 h [123]
Either MEPM or IPM/CS are not S Consult an infectious disease specialist
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Bacteremia, pneumonia ST: S 240–320 mg, every 8 h as ST trimethoprim [5] MINO [5]or CPFX(if S) Naturally resistant to carbapenem. ST: trimethoprim 15 mg/kg/day ≒Japanese ST mixture (1 tablet or 1 g of trimethoprim is 80 mg) 3–4 tablets or 3–4 g, every 8 h
Gram-negative rods (others) [GNR (3)]
Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis ABPC: S ABPC 2 g, every 4 h [12, 119] CTRX [89]
ABPC: R & CTRX(CTX): S CTRX 2 g, every 12 h [5, 119] CFPM [89]
Pneumonia, epiglottitis ABPC: S ABPC 2 g, every 6 h [5]
ABPC: R & SBT/ABPC: S SBT/ABPC 3 g, every 6 h [5]
ABPC: R & CTRX(CTX): S CTRX 1–2 g, every 24 h [5]
Pasteurella multocida,Capnocytophaga canimorsus Animal bite PCG: S SBT/ABPC 3 g, every 6 h [73] CTRX PCG 4,000,000 units every 4 h for infections due to single bacteria
PCG: R & SBT/ABPC: S SBT/ABPC 3 g, every 6 h [73] CTRX
Aeromonassp. Soft tissue infection, bacteremia CTRX: S or MINO: S CTRX 2 g, every 24 h + MINO 100 mg, every 12 h [73] CPFX+MINO, LVFX
Vibrio vulnificus Soft tissue infection, bacteremia CTRX: S & MINO: S CTRX 2 g, every 24 h + MINO 100 mg, every 12 h [73] CTX + CPFX, LVFX Observational studies have indicated that single β-lactams had a higher mortality rate than combination therapy [133]
Obligate anaerobic bacteria
Obligate anaerobic bacteria (other thanC. difficile) Polymicrobial infections ・The extent to which undetected obligate anaerobic bacteria that should be covered depends on whether drainage was sufficient. ・Antibacterial drug selections for polymicrobial infections caused by obligate anaerobic bacteria not only are determined by the susceptibility results of detected anaerobic bacteria but also involves the estimation of mixed infection by multiple anaerobic and aerobic bacteria. ・Obligate anaerobic bacteria have the three following characteristics depending on the susceptibility rate. (1) Most obligate anaerobic bacteria above the diaphragm (e.g., Peptostreptococcus sp., Prevotella sp.) are susceptibile to β-lactams represented by PCG and CLDM. However, some include β-lactamase-producing bacteria and CLDM-resistant bacteria (e.g., some Prevotella). (2) Obligate anaerobic bacteria below the diaphragm (e.g., Bacteroides sp.) include β-lactamase-producing bacteria. The resistance rates of non-fragilis Bacteroides(other than B. fragilis) in particular against CLDM and CMZ have been increasing. (3) Most obligate anaerobic bacteria which include (1) and (2) are susceptibile to SBT/ABPC, TAZ/PIPC, MEPM, and MNZ. ・Therefore, the two following points should be considered when selecting a target therapeutic drug for polymicrobial infections where obligate anaerobic bacteria contribute: (1) To what extent obligate anaerobic bacteria are covered based on information about whether it is above or below diaphragm or drainage is sufficient, and (2) Causative bacteria other than obligate anaerobic bacteria are covered.
Peptostreptococcussp.,Prevotellasp. (obligate anerobic bacteria above the diaphragm) Lung abscess, deep cervical infection, etc. The right shows typical options. Susceptibility results of detected bacteria other than obligate anaerobic bacteria can also serve as a reference for selection. SBT/ABPC 3 g, every 6 h or CLDM 600 mg, every 8 h or “MNZ 500 mg, every 8 h + (PCG 2–3,000,000 units, every 4 h or CTRX 2 g, every 24 h” [134] TAZ/PIPC
Brain abscess “(PCG 4,000,000 units, every 4 h or CTRX 2 g, every 12 h or CFPM 2 g, every 8 h) + MNZ 500 mg, every 8 h” [66]
Bacteroidessp. (obligate anerobic bacteria below the diaphragm) Polymicrobial intra- abdominal infection (secondary peritonitis, intraperitoneal abscess, cholangitis) Insufficient drainage The right shows typical options. Susceptibility results of detected bacteria other than obligate anaerobic bacteria can also serve as a reference for selection. SBT/ABPC 3 g, every 8 h or TAZ/PIPC 4.5 g, every 8 h or “MNZ 500 mg, every 8 h + (CEZ 2 g, every 8 h or CTRX 2 g, every 24 h or CFPM 2 g, every 12 h or CPFX 400 mg, every 12 h)“ [5] MEPM CMZ: R and CLDM: R are increasing [5]
Sufficient drainage CMZ 1 g, every 8 h or 「CLDM 600 mg, every 8 h + (CEZ 2 g, every 8 h or CTRX 2 g, every 24 h or CFPM 2 g, every 12 h or CPFX 400 mg, every 12 h)” or “insufficient drainage” option in previous section [5]
Clostridiumsp. (e.g.,C. perfringens) Gas gangrene PCG: S PCG 4,000,000 units, every 4 h +CLDM 600 mg, every 8 h [5, 73] CLDM is for toxin production suppression purposes (suppression can also be done even when R) [5]
Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile
Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) Initial onset VCM 125 mg, four times a day (orally or through nasogastric tube) [5, 135] Non-severe: MNZ orally Intravenous VCM is ineffective
Initial onset VCM tapering regimen (starting at 125 mg, four times a day) or FDX 200 mg, two times a day [135] When initial treatment is MNZ: VCM
Shock, hypotension, megacolon, ileus, VCM 125 mg regimen is ineffective “VCM 500 mg, every 6 h (orally or through nasogastric tube) 500 mg / saline 100 mL as stationary enema through anus for ileus” ±MNZ 500 mg, intravenously every 8 h [135]
Other bacteria
Legionellasp. Pneumonia LVFX 500–750 mg, every 24 h [5] or AZM 500 mg, every 24 h [5] MINO [20]
Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia MINO 100 mg, every 12 h [5] AZM or LVFX
Rickettsia japonica Japanese spotted fever MINO 100 mg, every 12 h [13] CPFX
Orientia tsutsugamushi Scrub typhus MINO 100 mg, every 12 h [13] AZM CPFX is ineffective
Leptospira interrogans Leptospirosis PCG 1500,000 units, every 6 h [136] CTRX or MINO
Fungi
Candida Candidemia, disseminated candidiasis (includes febrile neutropenia) ・Empirical treatment (normally MCFG) should be stepped down to oral FLCZ or VRCZ mentioned below if blood culture negativity and clinical stability are confirmed. ・Complications of endophthalmitis should involve switching to FLCZ or VRCS since MCFG has poor intraocular penetration (L-AMB ± 5-FC if there is resistance to FLCZ and VRCZ). ・Most of C. albicans, parapsilosis, and tropicalis are susceptible to FLCZ, C. glabrata is either susceptible or resistant, and C. krusei is naturally resistant. The difficult-to-identify C. auris (can be FLCZ resistant or multi-drug resistant) has been recently reported. ・Most cases of candiduria are not treated; however, candidemia and disseminated candidiasis can be diagnosed as a result of candiduria. An infectious disease specialist should also be consulted when candiduria requires treatment (MCFG and L-AMB have poor urinary tract penetration).
Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis After stabilization of candidemia FLCZ: S FLCZ initial dose 800 mg(subsequent doses 400 mg), every 24 h [137]
C. glabrata FLCZ: S FLCZ initial dose 800 mg(subsequent doses 400 mg), every 24 h [137] Completing treatment as only MCFG is also an option. Consult an infectious disease specialist
FLCZ: R & VRCZ: S VRCZ initial dose 6 mg/kg, every 12 h (subsequent doses 4 mg/kg, every 12 h) [137]
C. krusei FLCZ: R & VRCZ: S VRCZ initial dose 6 mg/kg, every 12 h (subsequent doses 4 mg/kg, every 12 h) [137]
Aspergillussp. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis VRCZ initial dose 6 mg/kg, every 12 h (subsequent doses 4 mg/kg, every 12 h) [5, 137] L-AMB [20]
Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumocystis 240–320 mg as ST trimethoprim, every 8 h [5], Intravenous infusion of pentamidine [5] ST: trimethoprim 15 mg/kg/day ≒Japanese ST mixture (1 tablet or 1 g of trimethoprim is 80 mg) 3–4 tablets or 3–4 g, every 8 h
Cryptococcussp. Meningitis (non-HIV) L-AMB 3–4 mg/kg, every 24 h + 5-FC 25 mg/kg orally, every 6 h [137] FLCZ (high dose)
Mucorsp., etc. Mucormycosis L-AMB 5–10 mg/kg, every 24 h [137]
Virus
Influenza Pneumonia, etc. Oseltamivir 75 mg orally, twice a day [138] Peramivir
SFTS Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome Undergoing research [139]
CMV Pneumonia, etc. Ganciclovir 5 mg/kg, every 12 h [5] Foscarnet
HSV Pneumonia, etc. Acyclovir 10 mg/kg, every 8 h [140]

[Precautions] This table refers to guidelines relating to each infectious disease and the JAID/JSC infectious disease treatment guidelines and adds susceptibility test criteria [123] and information regarding proper use of antimicrobial agents [141] to provide an overview of items relating to sepsis. Representative options were displayed for practical use

Experts in the septic/antimicrobial appropriate use support stewardship teams of each facility can use this table as a reference when promoting de-escalation by adding the local information of each facility (e.g., available antimicrobial agents)

Abbreviations: PCG penicillin G, ABPC ampicillin, AMK amikacin, AZM azithromycin, CAZ ceftazidime, CEZ cefazolin, CFPM cefepime, CLDM clindamycin, CMZ cefmetazole, CPFX ciprofloxacin, CTRX ceftriaxone, CTX cefotaxime, DAP daptomycin, 5-FC flucytosine, FDX fidaxomicin, FLCZ fluconazole, GM gentamycin, IPM/CS imipenem/cilastatin, L-AMB liposomal amphotericin B, LVFX levofloxacin, LZD linezolid, MCFG micafungin, MEPM meropenem, MINO minocycline, MNZ metronidazole, PIPC piperacillin, RFP rifampicin, SBT/ABPC sulbactam/ampicillin, ST sulfamethoxazole, TAZ/PIPC tazobactam/piperacillin, TEIC teicoplanin, VCM vancomycin, VRCZ voriconazole. (Abbreviations of antimicrobials are based on JAID/JSC infectious disease treatment guidelines)