Table 1.
Main characteristics of the studies included in the systematic review.
| Author, Year | Country | Study Design | Sex | Age (y) | BMI | No. of Cases/Controls | Follow-up (y) | Outcome Assessment | Comparison | OR, RR or HR(95%CI) | Adjustments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Edger, 2018 (13) | Mexico | Cross-sectional | M/F | 52.3 | 28.8 | 201/1174 | – | SFFQ | Q5 vs. Q1 (+4.12 vs. -5.49) | 3.02 (1.39, 6.58) | Age, sex, BMI, physical activity |
| Dana, 2019 (14) | USA | Cross-sectional | M/F | 49.4 | 29.3 | 624/4434 | – | 24h-dietary record | 0.79 vs. 0.50 | 1.13 (1.02, 1.24) | Age, gender, race, BMI, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol use, and socioeconomic status |
| Shivappa, 2019 (15) | Iran | Case-control | F | 29.7 | 24.6 | 122/388 | 1 | FFQ | Tertile3 vs. Tertile1 | 2.10 (1.02, 4.34) | BMI, age, energy, gestational age, exercise, history of diabetes, history of exposure |
| Mark, 2020 (16) | USA | Cohort | M | 48.3 | 26.1 | 336/6016 | 6.5 | 3-day diet record | Q4 vs. Q1 (+1.36 vs. -2.60) | 1.29 (0.89, 1.88) | Age, physical activity, energy intake, smoking status, alcohol use, family history of diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia |
| Nazanin, 2016 (17) | Iran | Cross-sectional | M/F | 45 | 27.9 | 286/2975 | – | FFQ | Q4 vs. Q1 (+1.24 vs. -3.43) | 0.98 (0.66, 1.47) | BMI, age, smoking status, physical activity, a family history of diabetes hypertension, lipid lowering medications |
RR, risk ratio; HR, hazard ratio; OR, odds ratio; DII, Dietary Inflammatory Index; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; BMI, body mass index; M, male; F, female.