Fig. 4.

Identification of a unique HIV+ NCD-associated blood metabolite signature. (a) Hierarchical clustering analysis of top 150 of 315 differential metabolites according to PLS-DA VIP values. PLS-DA was performed among all selected significantly changed (differential) metabolites with super class category in the Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) (https://hmdb.ca/). Red is increasing, blue is decreasing across each row. Here, the definition for differential metabolite was same (as in Fig. 2); (b) corresponding metabolites in upregulated cluster and downregulated cluster circled in (a), and 3 metabolites marked in red color are possibly drugs or food additives; (c) The eigenmetabolite values of 42 metabolites across groups. The eignemetabolite values were compared using student's t test.