Table 2.
Loneliness and psychological well-being (all outcomes 0–10) before and in the early (June 2020) and later (November–December 2020) stages of COVID-19
| 2019/2020 (t1) | June 2020 (t2) | November–December 2020 (t3) | Diff1 (Cohen’s d) | % with “low” score2 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | t1 → t2 | t2 → t3 | t1 | t2 | t3 | |
| Men | |||||||||||
| Loneliness | 1.51 | 2.19 | 1.45 | 2.18 | 2.03 | 2.54 | −0.06 (.01) | 0.58 (.24)** | 7.4 | 7.5 | 12.9 |
| UCLA3 Loneliness | 1.79 | 0.69 | 1.92 | 0.72 | 0.13 (.12)** | 8.7 | 12.1 | ||||
| Psychological ill-being | 2.21 | 1.78 | 2.23 | 1.69 | 2.69 | 1.76 | 0.02 (.06) | 0.46 (.34)** | 7.8 | 4.2 | 8.9 |
| Worried | 2.50 | 2.44 | 2.53 | 2.27 | 3.27 | 2.39 | 0.03 (.05) | 0.74 (.29)** | 15.4 | 12.3 | 18.9 |
| Anxious | 1.90 | 2.31 | 1.81 | 2.13 | 2.31 | 2.30 | −0.09 (.07)* | 0.50 (.21)** | 10.2 | 7.8 | 11.2 |
| Depressed | 1.93 | 2.26 | 1.68 | 2.06 | 2.30 | 2.29 | −0.25 (.17)** | 0.62 (.24)** | 9.2 | 7.4 | 11.5 |
| Psychological well-being | 7.50 | 1.46 | 7.52 | 1.40 | 7.21 | 1.52 | 0.02 (.01) | −0.31 (.29)** | 3.1 | 1.9 | 3.9 |
| Satisfied with life | 8.24 | 1.61 | 8.26 | 1.57 | 7.82 | 1.72 | 0.02 (.02) | −0.44 (.30)** | 3.3 | 2.6 | 3.9 |
| Happy | 7.62 | 1.79 | 7.61 | 1.66 | 7.28 | 1.76 | −0.01 (.01) | −0.33 (.18)** | 5.4 | 4.4 | 6.1 |
| Engaged | 6.66 | 2.11 | 6.73 | 2.04 | 6.55 | 2.01 | 0.07 (.07) | −0.18 (.10)** | 12.4 | 12.0 | 13.6 |
| Women | |||||||||||
| Loneliness | 1.71 | 2.18 | 1.87 | 2.48 | 2.72 | 2.66 | 0.16 (.05)** | 0.85 (.32)** | 7.7 | 10.8 | 18.0 |
| UCLA3 Loneliness | 2.04 | 0.73 | 2.26 | 0.76 | 0.22 (.20)** | 15.2 | 22.3 | ||||
| Psychological ill-being | 2.65 | 1.81 | 2.89 | 1.77 | 3.51 | 1.80 | 0.24 (.31)** | 0.62 (.40)** | 8.7 | 8.1 | 15.1 |
| Worried | 3.14 | 2.47 | 3.34 | 2.40 | 4.18 | 2.39 | 0.20 (.16)** | 0.84 (.33)** | 19.7 | 19.4 | 30.8 |
| Anxious | 2.36 | 2.41 | 2.38 | 2.34 | 3.21 | 2.46 | 0.02 (.03) | 0.83 (.32)** | 11.5 | 11.3 | 18.5 |
| Depressed | 2.36 | 2.29 | 2.33 | 2.369 | 2.98 | 2.40 | −0.03 (.04) | 0.65 (.22)** | 11.1 | 12.1 | 16.6 |
| Psychological well-being | 7.52 | 1.47 | 7.27 | 1.53 | 6.82 | 1.57 | −0.25 (.30)** | −0.45 (.34)** | 2.5 | 4.3 | 6.5 |
| Satisfied with life | 8.16 | 1.70 | 7.97 | 1.81 | 7.25 | 1.86 | −0.19 (.17)** | −0.72 (.28)** | 4.0 | 4.5 | 8.2 |
| Happy | 7.69 | 1.70 | 7.43 | 1.79 | 7.01 | 1.87 | −0.26 (.20)** | −0.42 (.30)** | 4.5 | 5.5 | 9.9 |
| Engaged | 6.71 | 2.01 | 6.38 | 2.11 | 6.20 | 1.98 | −0.33 (.20)** | −0.18 (.15)** | 11.8 | 15.0 | 15.8 |
1T-tests. All t1 vs. t3 means p < .01
2Scores 0–4 for psychological well-being items and ≥ 8 for UCLA3, otherwise scores 6–10. N = 1270–2237 (men) and 906–1867 (women)
*p < .05, **p < .01