Table 2.

Descriptive factors for vignette development, those with higher controversy potential highlighted in bold.

Factor	Categories and explanation
1 Activeness	1.1 Active—requires full cognitive engagement during participation
	1.2 Semi-active—limited cognitive engagement (e.g. responding to short alerts in a micro-task)
	1.3 Passive—no engagement beyond set-up
2 Compensation	2.1 Volunteer—unpaid participation
	2.2 Expenses—only expenses are paid
	2.3 Small incentives—minimal payment or partial payment which is indirect to the activity (e.g. for coordinating, providing equipment for community-based monitoring that can be used for other purposes)
	2.4 Payment for the activity
	2.5 Crowdworking—small payment for tasks
	2.6 Subscription fee—participants pay to participate in a activity
	2.7 Student—compulsory part of studies
3 Purpose of the activity	3.1 Scientific/research—scientific or research focused activity
	3.2 Policy outcome—e.g. environmental management monitoring, action or other policy actions
	3.3 Public engagement—the main purpose is engagement
	3.4 Education—focus on education outcomes
	3.5 Game—focus on gaming environment
	3.6 Reuse of social media—reuse of images or other information that was submitted in social media
4 Purpose of knowledge production	4.1 Scientific discovery—producing a scientific paper
	4.2 Scientific management—producing data for policy
	4.3 Personal discovery—personal level learning
	4.4 Local knowledge sharing—sharing local lay knowledge within the community (not necessarily with researchers)
	4.5 Alternative knowledge—non-science knowledge: e.g. perceptions and opinions
	4.6 Commercial knowledge—for commercial applications
5 Professionalism	5.1 Anyone—no assumption about expertise
	5.2 Self-selected—a barrier to entry or assumptions about prior knowledge
	5.3 Targeted—aiming at a specific set of experts, for activities beyond their work
6 Training	6.1 No training/light training—the activity is open to anyone and does not require training beyond immediate participation
	6.2 Significant training—the activity requires prior training and possibly accreditation as a condition for participation
	6.3 Academically focused—the activity requires participants to have a higher education degree
	6.4 High skills—the activity expects participants will hold higher degrees (MSc/PhD) to participate
	6.5 Specialists—the activity is aimed at specialists
7 Data sharing	7.1 Open scientific/research data—collected by scientists/research institute and shared openly
	7.2 Scientific data—collected by scientists/research institute but not shared
	7.3 Education/engagement only—undertaken as part of education/engagement activity and outputs not used beyond this activity
	7.4 Commercially aggregated (N-of-many-1s)—data that is collected by commercial actors, such as health and activity data
	7.5 Collected by non-professional(s), not shared
	7.6 Public Authorities data—in monitoring activities, where data is delivered to authorities (shared or not shared)
	7.7 Integration with official data
	7.8 Data aggregation—integration of data from multiple activities
	7.9 Voluntary personal data—sharing personal data with researchers (e.g. health research, consumer behaviour research, mobility research)
8 Leadership	8.1 Scientists/researchers—led by scientists or researchers or a research institution
	8.2 Individual—self-led by an individual, with herself as the only participant.
	8.3 Community—community-led
	8.4 Commercial—led by a commercial company
	8.5 Public sector—led by people who work in the public sector (e.g. environmental officers)
	8.6 CSO—led by a civil-society organization such as a non-governmental organization (e.g. environmental charity)
9 Scientific field	9.1 Life and Medical Science
	9.2 Earth Science
	9.3 Formal Science
	9.4 Natural Science
	9.5 Social Science
	9.6 Humanities
	9.7 The Arts
	9.8 Inter/Trans/Multidisciplinary
10 Involvement	10.1 Multiple stages
	10.2 Single stage—issue/topic identification/research question setting
	10.3 Single stage—research design
	10.4 Single stage—research tool/methods development
	10.5 Single stage—data gathering
	10.6 Single stage—data analysis and interpretation
	10.7 Single stage—data sharing and/or results communication
	10.8 Single stage—policy design/management decision