Table 3. Age-Adjusted Rate Ratios of Hospitalization, ICU Admission, and In-Hospital Death by Race and Ethnicity and Influenza Season.
| Outcome | Rate ratio (95% CI) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 2009-2010 | 2010-2011 | 2011-2012 | 2012-2013 | 2013-2014 | 2014-2015 | 2015-2016 | 2016-2017 | 2017-2018 | 2018-2019 | |
| Hospitalization | |||||||||||
| White | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Black | 1.81 (1.78-1.83) | 2.17 (2.06-2.29) | 2.10 (1.97-2.24) | 1.82 (1.62-2.03) | 1.63 (1.56-1.71) | 1.86 (1.77-1.96) | 1.58 (1.51-1.65) | 1.99 (1.88-2.10) | 1.73 (1.66-1.80) | 1.65 (1.60-1.70) | 1.72 (1.66-1.79) |
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 1.28 (1.19-1.37) | 1.82 (1.48-2.22) | 1.16 (0.87-1.54) | 2.82 (1.89-4.22) | 1.03 (0.80-1.32) | 1.67 (1.34-2.07) | 0.95 (0.76-1.20) | 1.63 (1.27-2.08) | 1.15 (0.93-1.41) | 0.90 (0.76-1.07) | 1.72 (1.48-2.00) |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 0.85 (0.82-0.87) | 0.95 (0.86-1.05) | 0.83 (0.73-0.95) | 1.46 (1.24-1.72) | 0.72 (0.65-0.78) | 0.63 (0.56-0.70) | 0.79 (0.74-0.85) | 0.82 (0.74-0.90) | 0.94 (0.88-1.01) | 0.80 (0.76-0.84) | 0.68 (0.64-0.73) |
| Hispanic | 1.17 (1.14-1.19) | 1.89 (1.77-2.02) | 1.41 (1.29-1.54) | 1.62 (1.40-1.87) | 1.10 (1.03-1.18) | 1.29 (1.20-1.39) | 0.91 (0.85-0.97) | 1.40 (1.30-1.51) | 0.98 (0.92-1.05) | 0.92 (0.88-0.96) | 1.22 (1.16-1.29) |
| ICU admission | |||||||||||
| White | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Black | 1.75 (1.69-1.81) | 1.94 (1.72-2.18) | 1.68 (1.43-1.97) | 1.47 (1.10-1.96) | 1.59 (1.41-1.79) | 1.53 (1.37-1.72) | 1.62 (1.45-1.79) | 1.77 (1.56-2.01) | 1.98 (1.80-2.18) | 1.71 (1.58-1.84) | 1.59 (1.45-1.74) |
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 1.39 (1.19-1.62) | 1.54 (0.98-2.43) | 1.03 (0.50-2.14) | 3.12 (1.11-8.73) | 0.81 (0.43-1.51) | 1.45 (0.91-2.30) | 1.02 (0.58-1.81) | 1.38 (0.79-2.42) | 1.45 (0.92-2.27) | 1.17 (0.80-1.69) | 2.17 (1.59-2.97) |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 0.87 (0.81-0.92) | 0.95 (0.77-1.17) | 0.97 (0.73-1.29) | 1.19 (0.78-1.81) | 0.72 (0.57-0.90) | 0.42 (0.32-0.55) | 0.91 (0.76-1.08) | 0.82 (0.65-1.02) | 1.08 (0.92-1.26) | 0.88 (0.77-1.00) | 0.71 (0.60-0.83) |
| Hispanic | 1.09 (1.03-1.14) | 1.77 (1.53-2.04) | 1.29 (1.04-1.60) | 1.26 (0.87-1.83) | 0.94 (0.78-1.14) | 0.94 (0.79-1.11) | 0.87 (0.74-1.03) | 1.33 (1.13-1.58) | 0.92 (0.78-1.08) | 0.93 (0.83-1.05) | 1.10 (0.97-1.25) |
| In-hospital death | |||||||||||
| White | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Black | 1.15 (1.04-1.27) | 1.25 (0.87-1.79) | 1.37 (0.90-2.09) | 1.12 (0.50-2.51) | 0.90 (0.61-1.32) | 1.03 (0.74-1.42) | 1.05 (0.80-1.38) | 1.20 (0.81-1.76) | 1.09 (0.84-1.43) | 1.28 (1.05-1.56) | 0.92 (0.69-1.23) |
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 0.93 (0.59-1.44) | 1.47 (0.47-4.61) | 0 | 0 | 0.94 (0.23-3.80) | 1.70 (0.63-4.58) | 0.32 (0.04-2.26) | 0 | 0.82 (0.20-3.39) | 0.56 (0.18-1.78) | 2.20 (0.96-5.02) |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 0.97 (0.84-1.11) | 1.27 (0.79-2.06) | 1.35 (0.76-2.40) | 1.07 (0.33-3.45) | 0.71 (0.41-1.24) | 0.40 (0.21-0.78) | 0.87 (0.59-1.27) | 1.42 (0.90-2.24) | 1.06 (0.75-1.49) | 0.94 (0.71-1.25) | 0.76 (0.52-1.13) |
| Hispanic | 0.90 (0.79-1.04) | 1.87 (1.28-2.74) | 1.04 (0.57-1.88) | 0.83 (0.28-2.50) | 0.60 (0.33-1.08) | 0.76 (0.47-1.24) | 0.61 (0.39-0.96) | 1.41 (0.90-2.19) | 0.81 (0.54-1.20) | 0.77 (0.56-1.05) | 0.91 (0.64-1.29) |
Abbreviation: ICU, intensive care unit.