Figure 2.

Epidemiologic studies of DKD in Pima Indians with type 2 diabetes. A: Prevalence of elevated urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio in 2,728 Pima Indians ≥15 years old with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and in subjects with diabetes by duration of diabetes. Adapted with permission from Nelson et al. (26). B: Comparison of cumulative incidence (percent) of ESKD attributed to DKD in Pima Indians with type 2 diabetes and in subjects with type 1 diabetes from the Joslin Clinic. Adapted with permission from Nelson et al. (12). C: Incidence of heavy proteinuria (urine protein-to-creatinine ratio ≥1.0 g/g) in Pima Indians with type 2 diabetes according to time-dependent systolic blood pressure. Adapted with permission from Kunzelman et al. (38). D: Age- and sex-adjusted incidence rates of ESKD in Pima Indians ≥25 years old with type 2 diabetes are shown in the upper panel. Incidence rates are calculated for 4-year intervals between 1967 and 2002. The number on top of each bar represents new cases of ESKD. The combined height of the two bars represents the total incidence of ESKD, including those who received renal replacement therapy (RRT) and those who did not. The sex-adjusted incidence of diabetic ESKD for nine 4-year intervals, by age-group, is shown in the lower panel. Adapted with permission from Pavkov et al. (31). E: Sex-adjusted incidence (95% CI) of diabetic ESKD by onset of diabetes and age-group. Adapted with permission from Pavkov et al. (59). BP, blood pressure.