Table 1.

Demographic, anthropometric, and biochemical characteristics of groups

	Control subjects	T2D patients with hyperglycemia	KPD patients with DKA	T1D patients with DKA
N	17	21	53	21
Age (years)	34.7 ± 2.53	50.7 ± 2.48a	41.7 ± 1.8b	34.3 ± 3.4bc
Women/men	4/13	12/9	19/34	9/12
Ethnicity (AA/C/H)	8/1/8	7/3/11	16/9/28	10/2/9
BMI (kg/m2)	33.5 ± 0.9	32.3 ± 1.8	27.2 ± 0.9ab	23.6 ± 1.3abc
Overweight or obese (%)	100	90.5	54.7	33.3
Glucose (mg/dL)	89 ± 2.2	540 ± 36a	402 ± 30ab	413 ± 37a
Lactate (mmol/L)	1.0 ± 0.10	3.32 ± 0.34a	2.20 ± 0.19ab	2.53 ± 0.27a
Venous pH	n/a	7.36 ± 0.01	7.23 ± 0.02b	7.23 ± 0.03b
BOHB (mmol/L)	n/a	0.57 ± 0.1	7.3 ± 0.5b	7.5 ± 0.8b
Total carbon dioxide (mmol/L)	22.4 ± 0.7	23.6 ± 1.2	15.4 ± 0.8ab	14.1 ± 1.3ab
Anion gap (mEq/L)	n/a	14.4 ± 1.1	16.9 ± 0.6	18.6 ± 1.4b
New-onset diabetes, n (%)	—	0	12 (23)	3 (14)
BUN (mg/dL)	11.9 ± 0.6	21.5 ± 3.9	22.8 ± 2.9	22.9 ± 2.3
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.9 ± 0.04	1.13 ± 0.15	1.08 ± 0.15	1.04 ± 0.1
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	14.5 ± 0.4	12.8 ± 0.6	14.4 ± 0.3b	14.3 ± 0.4
Albumin (g/dL)	4.4 ± 0.06	3.5 ± 0.3a	3.6 ± 0.11a	3.8 ± 0.18
AST (IU/L)	22.9 ± 1.9	34.5 ± 5.6	27.1 ± 3.8	20.9 ± 2.9
ALT (IU/L)	28.8 ± 4.5	41.1 ± 6.6	37.3 ± 4.5	27.7 ± 3.6
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)	0.44 ± 0.06	0.56 ± 0.11	0.66 ± 0.05	0.74 ± 0.11
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	116 ± 19	257 ± 59a	174 ± 16	146 ± 25
HDL-C (mg/dL)	48.3 ± 3.2	47.3 ± 5.9	52.0 ± 3.2	58.5 ± 5.7

Data are means ± SEM or absolute numbers unless otherwise indicated. AA, African American; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; C, Caucasian; HDL-C, HDL cholesterol; H, Hispanic; n/a, not available.

^aValue significantly different from that for control subjects (P < 0.05, one-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc test).

^bValue significantly different from that for T2D group (P < 0.05, one-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc test).

^cValue significantly different from that for KPD group (P < 0.05, nonpaired t test).