. 2021 May 21;70(8):1898–1909. doi: 10.2337/db21-0066

Table 2.

Hormonal profile of groups

		T2D patients with hyperglycemia			KPD patients with DKA			T1D patients with DKA
	Control subjects	All	No insulin Rx^*	Insulin Rx^**	All	No insulin Rx^*	Insulin Rx^**	All	No insulin Rx^*	Insulin Rx^**
N	17	21	7	14	53	15	38	21	8	13
Insulin (µU/mL)	13.1 ± 1.7	135 ± 70^a	23.3 ± 8	190 ± 102^a	111 ± 38	10.3 ± 5.6^a	151 ± 52^a	54 ± 13	3.2 ± 1.6^ab	85 ± 16^a
C-peptide (ng/mL)	2.6 ± 0.2	3.8 ± 0.4	4.2 ± 0.7	3.5 ± 0.6	1.1 ± 0.2^ab	1.5 ± 0.5^ab	0.94 ± 0.1^ab	0.34 ± 0.1^abc	0.48 ± 0.3^ab	0.26 ± 0.1^ab
Glucagon (pg/mL)	52 ± 3.9	125 ± 19^a	105 ± 31	135 ± 24^a	117 ± 29	123 ± 33	114 ± 38	69 ± 9	78 ± 18	63 ± 10^b
Cortisol (pg/mL)	279 ± 32	386 ± 61	345 ± 99	406 ± 78	752 ± 72^ab	742 ± 128^a	755 ± 88^a	856 ± 114^ab	858 ± 166^a	855 ± 158^ab
Epinephrine (nmol/L)	0.23 ± 0.05	0.16 ± 0.04	0.24 ± 0.06	0.12 ± 0.04	0.71 ± 0.2^ab	0.6 ± 0.1	0.75 ± 0.2^b	0.82 ± 0.3^ab	0.56 ± 0.13	1.0 ± 0.5^b
Norepinephrine (nmol/L)	1.6 ± 0.3	4.5 ± 0.9	4.3 ± 0.9	4.6 ± 1.2	10.3 ± 1.5^ab	9.8 ± 2.3^a	10.5 ± 1.9^a	12.1 ± 1.8^ab	11.5 ± 3^a	12.4 ± 2^ab
Growth hormone (ng/mL)	0.09 ± 0.04	2.8 ± 0.9^a	1.2 ± 1.1	3.5.2^a	3.0 ± 0.6^a	3.7 ± 1.4^a	2.5 ± 0.6^a	8.3 ± 3.6^ab	3.9 ± 0.9^ab	11.2 ± 5.9^a

Data are means ± SEM. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey post hoc test. When data were not normally distributed they were analyzed by nonparametric (Kruskal-Wallis test) with post hoc Dunn multiple comparisons. Rx, prescription.

Blood sampled before insulin administration.

^**

Blood sampled after insulin administration.

Value significantly different from that for control subjects (P < 0.05).

Value significantly different from that for T2D group (P < 0.05).

Value significantly different from that for KPD group (P < 0.05).