. 2021 May 21;70(8):1898–1909. doi: 10.2337/db21-0066

Table 3.

Serum concentrations of BCAAs and related metabolites of groups

	Control subjects	T2D patients with hyperglycemia	KPD patients with DKA	T1D patients with DKA
N	17	21	53	21
BCAA (µmol/L)
Leucine	119 ± 4.28	130 ± 10.6	201 ± 14.4^ab	236 ± 22.6^ab
Isoleucine	63.3 ± 2.26	75.6 ± 4.80	108 ± 6.73^ab	127 ± 12.4^ab
Valine	227 ± 9.07	231 ± 15.0	340 ± 20.0^ab	373 ± 30.5^ab
Total	410 ± 14.7	436 ± 28.9	648 ± 40.4^ab	736 ± 64.8^ab
Ketoacids (µmol/L)
KIC	32.7 ± 1.58	39.9 ± 3.85	42.8 ± 1.83	56.9 ± 5.54^a
KMV	19.3 ± 0.677	24.6 ± 2.01	24.8 ± 1.02	33.6 ± 3.26^a
KIV	6.15 ± 0.285	7.83 ± 0.514^a	8.17 ± 0.279^a	9.24 ± 0.680^a
Total	58.2 ± 2.45	73.3 ± 6.14	75.8 ± 2.98^a	99.7 ± 9.34^a
BCKA-to-BCCA ratios
KIC-to-Leu ratio	0.276 ± 0.010	0.306 ± 0.019	0.243 ± 0. 015^b	0.264 ± 0.022
KMV-to-Ile ratio	0.308 ± 0.011	0.328 ± 0.020	0.266 ± 0.014 ^ab	0.286 ± 0.023
KIV-to-Val	0. 027 ± 0.001	0. 034 ± 0.001^a	0. 027 ± 0.002^b	0.027 ± 0.003^b
Acylcarnitines (nmol/L)
C5	108 ± 6.09	167 ± 25.4	167 ± 35.1	160 ± 25.8
C3	461 ± 43.5	641 ± 114	486 ± 77.6	528 ± 68.1
Acylcarnitine-to-BCKA ratios ×10³
C5-to-KIC ratio	3.35 ± 0.18	4.39 ± 0.50	3.78 ± 0.63^b	2.80 ± 0.42^b
C5-to-KMV ratio	5.65 ± 0.31	6.91 ± 0.81	6.57 ± 1.13	4.76 ± 0.67
C5-to-KIC+KMV ratio	2.10 ± 0.11	2.61 ± 0.26	2.39 ± 0.40^b	1.76 ± 0.26^b
C3-to-KMV ratio	24.4 ± 2.61	28.2 ± 5.36	19.7 ± 2.34 ^ab	16.4 ± 1.78^a
C3-to-KIV ratio	77.7 ± 8.42	85.1 ± 13.9	58.5 ± 7.18^ab	57.0 ± 7.08
C3-to-KMV+KIV ratio	18.5 ± 1.98	21.0 ± 3.84	14.6 ± 1.75^ab	12.4 ± 1.33^a
Other related ratios
KIC+KMV-to-C2 ratio	8.83 ± 0.68	6.19 ± 0.58	3.26 ± 0.28^ab	3.57 ± 0.31^ab
KIC-to-BOHB ratio	n/a	0.184 ± 0.068	0.007 ± 0.001^b	0.011 ± 0.002^b

Data are means ± SEM. Because data were not normally distributed, nonparametric one-way ANOVA (Kruskal-Wallis test) was performed with post hoc Dunn multiple comparisons.

Value significantly different from that of control subjects (P < 0.05);

Value significantly different from that of T2D group (P < 0.05). n/a, not applicable.