Table 2.
Clinicopathologic factors, surgical variables, and outcomes associated with surgical approach
| Variable | Minimally invasive |
Open |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| n = 341 (%) | n = 665 (%) | ||
|
| |||
| Baseline demographics | |||
|
| |||
| Age (years, mean ± std) | 59 ± 14.7 | 62 ± 14 | <0.01 |
|
| |||
| Male | 130 (37) | 310 (47) | <0.01 |
|
| |||
| ASA class | |||
|
| |||
| 1 | 11 (3) | 5 (0.8) | 0.04 |
|
|
|||
| 2 | 130 (37) | 238 (36) | |
|
|
|||
| 3 | 197 (56) | 390 (60) | |
|
|
|||
| 4 | 11 (3) | 21 (3) | |
|
|
|||
| 5 | 0 | 0 | |
|
|
|||
| BMI (kg/m2, mean ± std) | 29.5 ± 13.2 | 27.8 ± 5.7 | 0.02 |
|
| |||
| Comorbidities | |||
|
| |||
| Diabetes | 67 (19) | 136 (21) | 0.56 |
|
| |||
| Congestive heart failure | 7 (2) | 4 (0.6) | 0.09 |
|
| |||
| Severe COPD | 4 (1) | 7 (1) | 1.0 |
|
| |||
| Chronic renal failure | 10 (3) | 20 (3) | 1.0 |
|
| |||
| Prior abdominal operations | 165 (48) | 296 (46) | 0.54 |
|
| |||
| Symptoms at presentation | |||
|
| |||
| Incidental/asymptomatic | 204 (59) | 370 (57) | 0.59 |
|
| |||
| Pancreatitis | 51 (15) | 60 (9) | 0.59 |
|
|
|||
| Jaundice | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | |
|
|
|||
| Pain (not pancreatitis) | 59 (17) | 129 (20) | |
|
|
|||
| Early satiety | 2 (0.6) | 4 (0.6) | |
|
|
|||
| Bowel obstruction | 0 (0) | 4 (0.6) | |
|
|
|||
| Other | 30 (9) | 84 (13) | |
|
|
|||
| Intra-operative outcomes | |||
|
| |||
| Length of surgery (minutes, mean ± std) | 183 ± 71 | 162 ± 85 | <0.01 |
|
| |||
| Operative blood loss (mL, mean ± std) | 131 ± 218 | 341 ± 459 | <0.01 |
|
| |||
| Any pRBC transfusion | 5 (1.4) | 34 (5) | <0.01 |
|
| |||
| Crystalloid (mL, mean ± std) | 2095 ± 1022 | 2041 ± 1303 | 0.47 |
|
| |||
| Colloid (mL, mean ± std) | 124 ± 274 | 277 ± 450 | <0.01 |
|
| |||
| Splenic resection | 328 (93) | 644 (99) | <0.01 |
|
| |||
| Size of tumor (cm, mean ± std) | 3.2 ± 2 | 4.4 ± 3.5 | <0.01 |
|
| |||
| Specimen length (cm, mean ± std) | 8.5 ± 3.8 | 9.8 ± 3.3 | <0.01 |
|
| |||
| Intraoperative drain placement | 171 (49) | 213 (33) | <0.01 |
|
| |||
| Lymph node resection | 308 (88) | 635 (97) | <0.01 |
|
| |||
| Lymph nodes (#) | 14.41 ± 9.6 | 16.27 ± 9.7 | <0.01 |
|
| |||
| Final resection statusa | |||
|
| |||
| R0 | 241 (95) | 429 (83) | <0.01 |
|
|
|||
| R1 | 10 (4) | 86 (16) | |
|
|
|||
| R2 | 3 (1) | 2 (0.4) | |
|
|
|||
| Post-operative outcomes | |||
|
| |||
| Complication | |||
|
| |||
| Minor complication | 89 (25) | 177 (27) | 0.02 |
|
|
|||
| Major complication | 45 (13) | 134 (20) | |
|
|
|||
| Drainage procedure | 28 (3) | 86 (13) | 0.02 |
|
| |||
| Reoperation | 7 (2) | 20 (3) | 0.42 |
|
| |||
| ICU admission | 14 (4) | 39 (6) | 0.23 |
|
| |||
| Length of stay (days, mean ± std) | 5.2 ± 2.3 | 7.2 ± 5.2 | <0.01 |
|
| |||
| Thirty-day readmission | 48 (14) | 116 (18) | 0.59 |
Bold indicates statistical significance.
a
For pre-malignant and malignant tumors only.