Table 1.
Examples of the linkage between administration time and effect in cardiovascular drugs.
| Drug a | Timing | Effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| ACEi | Evening vs. morning | Reduction in treatment-related cough | (100) |
| Antihypertensives | Bedtime vs. awakening | Improved blood pressure control and decrease in major cardiovascular events | (101) |
| Aspirin | Bedtime vs. awakening | Decrease in early morning platelet activity | (102) |
| Captopril (rats) | Sleep vs. wake time | Effect on cardiovascular remodeling was achieved only when administered during sleep | (103) |
| Furosemide (rats) | 10 a.m. vs. 10 p.m. | Increased urinary volume and sodium exertion | (104) |
| Torsemide | Bedtime vs. awakening | Improved blood pressure control and 24-hour therapeutic duration | (105) |
| Valsartan | Bedtime vs. awakening | Greater reduction in proteinuria, delayed decline in GFR and reduced risk of MI | (106) |
a
Administered to human subjects unless otherwise stated. ACEi, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; MI, myocardial infarction.