Table 2.
Descriptive information about sedatives, as well as single and combination drug regimens, including frequency of use and PO/IV doses used.
| Sedative | N° of Patients/Cases (%) (N = 258) | Dose Median (Q1, Q3) |
|---|---|---|
| Fentanyl (mcg/kg) | 100 (39) | 0.823 (0.48, 1.24) |
| Ketamine (mg/kg) | 3 (1) | 0.21 (0.16, 0.67) |
| Midazolam PO (mg/kg) | 67 (26) | 0.39 (0.32, 0.49) |
| Midazolam IV (mg/kg) | 117 (45) | 0.033 (0.03, 0.04) |
| Propofol (mg/kg) | 255 (89) | 5.53 (3.64, 9.35) |
| Nitrous Oxide | 112 (43) | – |
| Sevoflurane | 122 (47) | – |
| Isoflurane | 2 (<1) | – |
| Sedative Regimens | ||
| Single Drug, n(%) | 13 (5) | |
| Propofol only | 12 (4.5) | 10.3 (5.84, 13.31) |
| Midazolam IV | 1 (<1%) | 0.03 |
| Double drug, n(%) | 66 (26) | |
| Propofol + Fentanyl | 5 (2) | 4.58 (3.5, 11.97) + 0.75(0.48, 1.51) |
| Propofol + Midazolam PO | 6 (2) | 8.83 (6.89, 10.9) + 0.27(0.13, 0.38) |
| Propofol + Midazolam IV | 47 (18) | 5.94 (4.53, 11.76) + 0.03 (0.03, 0.04) |
| Propofol + Nitrous Oxide | 3 (1) | 6.8 (6.49, 7.39) + IA |
| Propofol + Sevoflurane | 4 (2) | 7.93 (6.25, 9.41) + IA |
| Other1 | 1 (<1) | |
| Triple drug, n(%) | 106 (41) | |
| Propofol + Midazolam IV + Fentanyl | 42 (16) | 6.74 (4.28, 10.44) + 0.035 (0.03, 0.04) + 0.62 (0.45, 0.89) |
| Propofol + Nitrous oxide + Sevoflurane | 39 (15) | 5.12 (3.57, 10.48) + IA + IA |
| Propofol + Midazolam PO + Sevoflurane | 6 (3) | 4.47 (3.62, 7.54) + 0.25 (0.70, 0.52) + IA |
| Propofol + Midazolam PO + Fentanyl | 8 (3) | 5.15 (3.03, 12.16)+ 0.03 (0.03, 0.38) + 0.90 (0.4, 1.14) |
| Propofol + Midazolam PO + Nitrous oxide | 5 (2) | 11.53 (4.35 + 13.15)+ 0.29 (0.23, 0.42) + IA |
| Other1 | 6 (2) | |
| Quadruple drug, n(%) | 51 (20) | |
| Propofol + Midazolam PO + Nitrous oxide + Sevoflurane | 25 (10) | 3.75 (2.8 + 5.7) + 0.45 (0.36, 0.50) + IA + IA |
| Propofol + Fentanyl +Nitrous oxide + Sevoflurane | 10 (4) | 3.93 (1.94, 7.41) + 0.72 (0.53 + 1.1) + IA + IA |
| Propofol + Midazolam IV + Fentanyl + Sevoflurane |
6 (2) | 3.5 (2.69, 4.31) + 0.03 (0.02 + 0.04) + 0.89 (0.64, 1.77) + IA |
| Other1 | 10 (4) | |
| Five drugs or more, n(%)1 | 22 (9) |
Q1 = 25th percentile; Q3 = 75th percentile; IV, intravenous; PO, oral; IA, inhalational anesthetic.
The other double drug regimen was midazolam IV + fentanyl (1 case). Other triple drug regimens included midazolam IV + propofol and either nitrous oxide (2 cases) or sevoflurane (1 case) or ketamine (1 case). Another triple drug regimen consitented of midazolam IV + fentanyl and sevofluance (1 case) and another regimen of propofol + fentanyl + nitrous oxide (1 case). Other quadruple drug regimens included propofol + sevoflurane in combination with either nitrous oxide + midazolam IV (4 cases) or midazolam PO + fentanyl (4 cases) or midazolam PO + ketamine (1 case); and nitrous oxide + midazolam PO + fentanyl + propofol (1 case). Five drug regimens include: nitrous oxide + sevoflurane + fentanyl + propofol in combination with either midazolam IV (9 cases) or midazolam PO (11 cases). Six drug regimens included: nitrous oxide + isoflurane + midazolam IV + fentanyl + propofol with either sevoflurane (1 case) or ketamine (1 case).