Figure 2.

Sleep patterns for in-person and online instruction by school start time.Left: Violin plots indicating the distribution of reported bedtimes (panel A), wake times (B), and sleep opportunity (C) stratified by school start time for nights before in-person (light blue) or online/synchronous (darker blue) instruction. Each plot reflects the data used for the appropriate multivariate ANCOVA (stratified by instructional approach) and not pair-wise comparisons of in-person and online/synchronous instruction. Error bars show 95% confidence intervals around the estimated marginal mean for each stratum, adjusted for school-level. Right: Post-hoc tests comparing means across school start times for bedtime, wake time, and sleep opportunity within the in-person (light blue) and online/synchronous (darker blue) instruction contexts. Grids represent all possible pair-wise comparisons. Shaded cells indicate a statistically significant difference following family-wise Tukey HSD adjustment. Significance was set at p < 0.001 in keeping with the reported analyses.