Table 1. PUI-related disorders: Assessment and treatment approaches.

PUI Phenotype	Assessment	Pharmacological Treatment	Non Pharmacological Treatment
INTERNET GAMING DISORDER (IGD)	IGD-20 (examine different gamer profiles) IGDS9-SF (the most used) POGQ POGQ-SF VAT C-VAT 2.0 IGDS	2 reviews, 1 case report, 6 clinical studies Escitalopram up to 20 mg/die (Song et al., 2016; Nam et al., 2017) Bupropion up to 300 mg/die (Han et al., 2011; Han and Renshaw., 2012; Song et al., 2016; Nam et al., 2017; Bae et al., 2018) Citalopram up to 40 mg/die + Quetiapine up to 200 mg/die (Atmaca et al., 2007) Methylphenidate up to 40 mg/die and Atomoxetine up to 60 mg/die (Park et al., 2016)	2 reviews, 3 clinical studies Psychological approach: CBT (best evidence) motivational interviewing reality training combination of psychological and/or counseling therapies (King et al., 2017; Zajac and M.K, 2017) Specialized psychotherapy: PIPATIC program (Torres-Rodriguèz and Carbonell., 2017; Torres-Rodriguèz et al., 2017) brain stimulation: tDCS on DLPFC (4 weeks) (Sang et al., 2018)
ONLINE GAMBLING DISORDER (OGD)	NODS-CLiP (3-item screening test) PGSI (9-item test to assess severity)	1 clinical study Bupropion up to 300 mg/die (Bae et al., 2018)	1 clinical study internet based CBT without guidance should improve access to treatment among non help-seeking online gamblers (Luquiens et al., 2016)
CYBERCHONDRIA (CYB)	CSS (33-items, 5 domains) CSS-SF (12-items, 4 domains)	No studies SSRIs have been proposed	No studies CBT has been proposed
CYBERPORNOGRAFY ADDICTION (CYA)	ISST (25 true-false item screening test) CPUI (31-items to assess severity)	1 review, 2 case series, 2 case reports Naltrexone as a monotherapy or as an adjunct therapy and with doses up to 150 mg/d (Bostwick et al., 2008; Kraus et al., 2015; Capurso, 2017) Paroxetine 20 mg/die and CBT (Gola and Potenza, 2016)	1 review CBT, Adlerian Counselling, Structural therapy, Couple Therapy, Structural therapy, Online Psycho-educational program, Acceptance and Commitment therapy, Group therapy. (Sniewski et al., 2018)
CYBERBULLYING	CQ (88-item ) CT (equipped with psychometric properties) CVEIS (regarding victim and bullies emotions)	No studies	1 review, 2 clinical studies The most frequently proposed interventions included components like education on cyberbullying for the adolescent, coping skills, empathy training, communication and social skills, and digital citizenship (Hutson et al., 2018) Prev@cib program (Ortega-Baròn et al., 2019) RPC (Relazioni Per Crescere) teacher-based program (Guarini et al., 2019)
ONLINE SHOPPING ADDICTION (OSA)	OSASS (predicted the self-perceived online shopping addiction )	No studies specifically focused on OSA, yet a feasible approach might be the adoption of interventions approved for comparable forms of behavioural addiction	No studies specifically focused on OSA, yet a feasible approach might be the adoption of interventions approved for comparable forms of behavioural addiction

IGD-20:Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGD-20); IGDS9-SF: Internet Gaming Disorder Scale – Short Form; POGQ: Problematic Online Gaming Questionnaire;

POGQ-SF:Problematic Online Gaming Questionnaire – Short Form; VAT: Video Game Addiction Test; C-VAT 2.0 Clinical Video Game Addiction Test

IGDS: Internet Gaming Disorder Scale;

NODS-CLiP National Opinion Research Centre Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Screen for Gambling Problems

CBT: cognitive-behavioral therapy; MI: motivational interviewing

RT: reality training; t-DCS: Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation; DLPFC: Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC)

PGSI: Gambling severity is the Problem Gambling Severity Index; CSS:Cyberchondria Severity Scale; CSS-SF:Cyberchondria Severity Scale Short Form

CPUI: Cyber Pornography Use Inventory; ISST: Internet Sex Screening Test (ISST; CQ: Cyberbullying Questionnaire

CT:Cyberbullying Test; CVEIS: Cybervictimization Emotional Impact Scale; OSASS: Online Shopping Addiction Scale Scores