Table 2.
Clinical trials of mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2
| Name (INN)/funding source | mRNA type | Antigen | Phase | Clinical trial identifier (participants; location) | Clinical trial outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BNT162b2 (Tozinameran)/BioNTech, Pfizer | Nucleoside-modified | Transmembrane prefusion spike | Phase III | NCT04805125 (431 participants; Switzerland) | EUA in several countries; >90% efficacy in real-world conditions in USA132 and Israel126; 95% overall efficacy in phase III trials125; 90–100% efficacy in phase III trials across subgroups defined by age, sex, race, ethnicity, baseline body mass index and the presence of coexisting conditions125; 1.7–4.6-fold higher neutralizing titres than convalescent serum in 18–55-year old participants, and 1.1–2.2-fold higher titres in 65–85-year old in phase I trials124 |
| NCT04816669 (610 participants; USA) | |||||
| NCT04800133 (900 participants; Hong Kong) | |||||
| NCT04713553 (1,530 participants; USA) | |||||
| Phase II/III | NCT04368728 (43,998 participants; Argentina, Brazil, Germany, South Africa, Turkey, USA) | ||||
| NCT04754594 (700 participants; Brazil, South Africa, Spain, UK, USA) | |||||
| Phase II | ISRCTN73765130 (2,886 participants; UK) | ||||
| NCT04894435 (1,200 participants; Canada) | |||||
| NCT04761822 (3,400 participants; USA) | |||||
| NCT04824638 (300 participants; France) | |||||
| NCT04860739 (676 participants; Spain) | |||||
| EUCTR2021-001978-37 (600 participants; Spain) | |||||
| NCT04649021 (950 participants; China) | |||||
| ISRCTN69254139 (820 participants; UK) | |||||
| NCT04907331 (3,000 participants; Austria) | |||||
| NCT04895982 (360 participants; Brazil, Germany, USA) | |||||
| Phase I/II | EUCTR2020-001038-36, NCT04380701 (476 participants; Germany) | ||||
| NCT04889209 (800 participants; USA) | |||||
| NCT04588480 (160 participants; Japan) | |||||
| Phase I | NCT04839315 (100 participants; USA) | ||||
| NCT04816643 (4,500 participants; Finland, Poland, Spain, USA) | |||||
| mRNA-1273/Moderna, NIAID, BARDA | Nucleoside-modified | Transmembrane prefusion spike | Phase III | NCT04811664 (37,500 participants; USA) | EUA in several countries;90% efficacy in real-world conditions in USA132; 94.1% overall efficacy in phase III trials131; dose-dependent increase in S2-P-binding antibodies and serum-neutralizing titres in phase I trials130 |
| NCT04470427 (30,420 participants; USA) | |||||
| NCT04860297 (240 participants; USA) | |||||
| NCT04806113 (220 participants; Canada) | |||||
| NCT04805125 (431 participants; Switzerland) | |||||
| Phase II/III | NCT04649151 (3,732 participants; USA) | ||||
| NCT04796896 (6,975 participants; USA) | |||||
| Phase II | ISRCTN73765130 (2,886 participants; UK) | ||||
| NCT04847050 (120 participants; USA) | |||||
| NCT04894435 (1,200 participants; Canada) | |||||
| NCT04748471 (180 participants; France) | |||||
| NCT04761822 (3,400 participants; USA) | |||||
| NCT04405076 (660 participants; USA) | |||||
| Phase I/II | NCT04889209 (800 participants; USA) | ||||
| Phase I | NCT04785144 (135 participants; USA) | ||||
| NCT04813796 (125 participants; USA) | |||||
| NCT04839315 (100 participants; USA) | |||||
| NCT04283461 (120 participants; USA) | |||||
| TAK-919/Takeda, Moderna | Nucleoside-modified | Transmembrane prefusion spike | Phase I/II | NCT04677660 (200 participants; Japan) | Approved in Japan based on positive interim phase I/II data (see Related links); same formulation as mRNA-1273 |
| CVnCoV (Zorecimeran)/CureVac | Unmodified | Transmembrane prefusion spike | Phase III | NCT04652102, EUCTR2020-003998-22 (39,693 participants; Argentina, Belgium, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Germany, Mexico, Netherlands, Panama, Peru, Spain) | 47% efficacy in phase III trials (see Related links); anti-spike IgG, anti-RBD IgG and serum-neutralization titres comparable to convalescent serum133 |
| EUCTR2020-004066-19, NCT04674189 (2,360 participants; Germany) | |||||
| NCT04860258 (1,200 participants; Belgium) | |||||
| NCT04848467 (1,000 participants; Argentina, Colombia, Peru) | |||||
| Phase II | ISRCTN73765130 (2,886 participants; UK) | ||||
| NCT04515147, PER-054-20 (674 participants; Panama, Peru) | |||||
| Phase I | NCT04449276 (280 participants; Belgium, Germany) | ||||
| ARCoV/Walvax Biotechnology, PLA | Unmodified | Secreted spike RBD | Phase III | NCT04847102 (28,000 participants; China, Mexico) | Unknown |
| Phase II | ChiCTR2100041855 (420 participants; China) | ||||
| Phase Ib | ChiCTR2000039212 (120 participants; China) | ||||
| Phase I | ChiCTR2000034112 (168 participants; China) | ||||
| BNT162b1 (Abdavomeran)/BioNTech, Pfizer | Nucleoside-modified | Secreted spike RBD | Phase II/III | NCT04368728 (43,998 participants; Argentina, Brazil, Germany, South Africa, Turkey, USA) | 8–50-fold higher anti-RBD IgG and 1.9–4.6-fold higher neutralization titres than convalescent serum27,123; higher frequency of fever, fatigue and chills in participants than BNT162b2 (ref.124) |
| Phase I/II | EudraCT 2020-001038-36, NCT04380701 (476 participants; Germany) | ||||
| Phase I | ChiCTR2000034825, NCT04523571 (144 participants; China) | ||||
| mRNA-1273.211/Moderna | Nucleoside-modified | Transmembrane prefusion spike | Phase II | NCT04405076 (660 participants; USA) | Unknown |
| ARCT-021/Arcturus | Self-amplifying | Transmembrane prefusion spike | Phase II | NCT04668339 (600 participants; Singapore, USA) | Unknown |
| NCT04728347 (106 participants; Singapore) | |||||
| Phase I/II | NCT04480957 (92 participants; Singapore) | ||||
| BNT162a1/BioNTech, Pfizer | Unmodified | Secreted spike RBD | Phase I/II | EudraCT 2020-001038-36, NCT04380701 (476 participants; Germany) | Unknown |
| BNT162b3 (Ganulameran)/BioNTech, Pfizer | Nucleoside-modified | Transmembrane spike RBD | Phase I/II | NCT04537949, EUCTR2020-003267-26-DE (96 participants; Germany) | Unknown |
| BNT162c2 (Pidacmeran)/BioNTech, Pfizer | Self-amplifying | Transmembrane prefusion spike | Phase I/II | EudraCT 2020-001038-36, NCT04380701 (476 participants; Germany) | Unknown |
| MRT5500/Sanofi, Translate Bio | Unmodified | Transmembrane prefusion spike | Phase I/II | NCT04798027 (333 participants; Honduras, USA) | Unknown |
| LNP-nCoVsaRNA/Imperial College London, Acuitas Therapeutics | Self-amplifying | Transmembrane prefusion spike | Phase I | ISRCTN17072692 (320 participants; UK) | Unknown |
| ChulaCov19/Chulalongkorn University | Nucleoside-modified | Transmembrane spike | Phase I/II | NCT04566276 (96 participants; Thailand) | Unknown |
| PTX-COVID19-B/Providence Therapeutics | Nucleoside-modified | Transmembrane spike | Phase I | NCT04765436 (60 participants; Canada) | Unknown |
| SAM-LNP-S/Gritstone Oncology, NIAID | Self-amplifying | Transmembrane spike | Phase I | NCT04776317 (150 participants; USA) | Unknown |
| mRNA-1273.351/Moderna | Nucleoside-modified | Transmembrane prefusion spike | Phase I | NCT04785144 (135 participants; USA) | Difference in serum neutralization between wild-type ancestral strain and B.1.351 reduced from 7.7-fold to 2.1-fold, 14 days after mRNA-1273.351 booster251 |
| mRNA-1283/Moderna | Nucleoside-modified | Transmembrane prefusion spike | Phase I | NCT04813796 (125 participants; USA) | Unknown |
| CoV2 SAM [LNP]/GSK | Self-amplifying | Transmembrane spike | Phase I | NCT04758962 (10 participants; USA) | Unknown |
All SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates in clinical trials are delivered intramuscularly. Clinical trials are regularly updated and the locations and the number of participants are subject to change. BARDA, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority; EUA, emergency use authorization; GSK, GlaxoSmithKline; INN, international nonproprietary name; LNP, lipid nanoparticle; NIAID, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; PLA, People’s Liberation Army; RBD, receptor-binding domain.