Table #4:

Study Outcomes of Randomized Controlled Trials

Reference	Intervention	Baseline Weight or BMI	Δ Weight or BMI	Δ Weight or BMI, p-value	Change in Function	Inter-group Δ Function	Change in Cognitive Domains	Inter-group Δ Cognition
Cameron30	Control: health and age-related services normally available to older people	69.3±17.3 kg	1.48±5.09 kg	Δ= 0.78 (−0.72, 2.28); p= 0.31	Gait Speed: 0.0019±0.230 m/s Chair stands: 0.31±0.98	Gait speed: 0.068 (0.012,0.123); p=0.02 Chair Stands 0.33 (0.07,0.59); p=0.01	NR	NR
	Intervention: multifactorial, interdisciplinary program targeting frailty and individually tailored to each participant based on: nutritional intake; psychiatrists/ psychologists referral; home-based physiotherapy sessions	68.5±15.7 kg	0.72±5.98 kg		Gait Speed: 0.049±0.183 m/s Chair stands: - 0.14±1.22		NR	NR
Ngandu 32	Control: regular health advice	28.1±4.9 kg/m2	−0.33±0.05b kg/m2	−0.077 kg/m2 (−0.149,−0.006); p=0.02	−0.22±0.05ab	0.033 (−0.035,0.101); p=0.34	NTB: 0.16±0.01b Executive: 0.06±0.02b Processing: 0.04±0.02b Memory: 0.31±0.02b Abbr. Memory: 0.17±0.03b	NTB: 0.022 (0.002,0.42) Executive: 0.027 (0.001,0.052) Processing 0.030 (0.003,0.057) Memory: 0.015 (−0.017,0.048) Abbr.Memory: 0.038 (0.002,0.73)
	Intervention: multidomain lifestyle intervention program focused on nutrition, exercise, cognitive training and management of vascular risk factors	28.3±4.5 kg/m2	−0.49±0.05 kg/m2		−0.16±0.05 ab		NTB: 0.20±0.01b Executive: 0.11±0.02 b Processing: 0.10±0.10 b Memory: 0.34±0.02b Abbr.Memory: 0.24±0.03 b
Rosenburg 41	Control - general health advice	a28.1±4. 9 kg/m2	NR	NR	NR	NR	BMI<27.4kg/m2: 0.038 (0.010,0.067) BMI>27.4kg/m2: 0.004 (−0.024,0.032)	P=0.28d
	Intervention: Multidomain lifestyle intervention program nutrition, exercise, cognitive training and management of vascular risk factors.	28.3±4.5 kg/m2	NR		NR
Van de Rest 42	Control - no protein, no exercise	26.6±3.2 kg/m2	NR	NR	NR	NR	Episodic: 0.20± 0.79 Attention: −0.12± 0.69 Processing: 0.13±0.50 Executive: 0.07±0.42	Episodic: p=0.51 Attention: p=0.02 Processing: p=0.32 Executive: P=0.78
	Intervention: Resistance exercise: warm up on cycle ergometer, leg press/extension, chest press, lateral pull-down, pec-dec, vertical row. Placebo supplement: no protein, 7.1 g lactose, 0.4 g calcium, consumed after breakfast/lunch	28.2±4.6 kg/m2	NR		NR		Episodic: −0.02±0.57 Attention: −0.35±0.70 Processing: 0.07±0.48 Executive: −0.02±0.42
	Intervention: Protein: twice daily, 250 ml protein beverage supplement (15 g protein, 7.1 g lactose, 0.5 g fat, 0.4 g calcium), consumed after breakfast/lunch; no exercise	27.0±4.6 kg/m2	NR		NR		Episodic: 0.01±0.57 Attention: 0.04± 0.57 Processing: −0.23±0.19 Executive: 0.17± 0.43	Episodic: p=0.79 Attention: p=0.38 Processing: p=0.04 Executive: p=0.09
	Intervention: Combination of protein + exercise above	28.7±4.5 kg/m2	NR		NR		Episodic: 0.07±0.62 Attention: 0.19±0.63 Processing: 0.08±0.51 Execulimitive: 0.04±0.44
Van Middelaar 43	Low LIBRAc	25.9±3.1 kg/m2	NR	NR	NR	NR	All-cause dementia: Ix vs. Control: 5.7 vs. 6.4%	0.88 (0.54,1.43)
	Intermediate LIBRAc	26.7±3.6 kg/m2	NR		NR		All-cause dementia: Ix vs. Control: 6.2 vs. 6.7%	0.91 (0.57,1.47)
	High LIBRAc	29.6±4.6 kg/m2	NR		NR		All-cause dementia: Ix vs. Control: 7.4 vs. 7.9%	0.92 (0.59,1.41)

Abbreviations: Abbrev – Abbreviated; BMI – body mass index; Ix- intervention; LIBRA – Lifestyle for Brain Health index; NR – not reported; NTB – neuropsychological test battery represents a composite score of 14 other cognitive tests; Δ – difference between groups

^anumbers represent differences in short performance physical battery, a measure of physical performance ²⁸

^bNumbers reflect standard error

^cLow, intermediate and high according to the LIBRA index which is a Dementia risk algorithm.

^dp-value for interaction between BMI category and difference between intervention and control group on primary outcome of change in neuropsychological test battery