FIG 3.

Microbial diversity in individuals older than 1 year of age. (a and b) Principal-component analysis (PCoA) ordination of the variation in the beta-diversity of human gut bacterial (a) and eukaryote (b) communities based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarities. Color and shape represent maternal exposure to parasites (turquoise circles for negative and dark-red squares for positive exposure). PERMANOVAs indicate that maternal exposure to parasites and age explain 5.2% and 6.7% (P < 0.001) of the variation in the bacterial community structure, respectively, while age explains 4.3% (P < 0.001) of the variation in the eukaryote community structure. Ellipses represent the confidence intervals at 95%. (c and d) Shannon diversity of gut bacterial (c) and eukaryote (d) community structures. No significant differences were detected by Mann-Whitney tests for Shannon diversity between the parasite-positive and -negative groups. (e and f) Estimated richness of gut bacterial (e) and eukaryote (f) community structures. A significant difference was detected for bacterial community richness by Mann-Whitney tests for comparisons between two groups.