Table 3.
Overview of findings on associations between EMA-reported motives and substance use outcomes.
| Within-person level of analysis | Between-person level of analysis | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reference | Sample | Enhance | Social | Coping | Conform | Expand | Enhance | Social | Coping | Conform | Expand |
| Any alcohol use | |||||||||||
| (O’Donnell et al., 2019) | Young adults; drank at least 1x in past month | + | null | null | null | ||||||
| Drinking quantity (number of drinks) | |||||||||||
| (Dvorak et al., 2014) | College students; drank at least 2x/month | null | + | + | null | ||||||
| (O’Hara, Boynton, et al., 2014) | HBCU students; drank at least 1x in past month | + (any) + (social) null (non-social) |
+ (any) + (social) null (non-social) |
+ (any)* null (social)* + (non-social) |
null (any) null (social) null (non-social) |
+ (any) + (social) null (non-social) |
+ (any) null (social drinks) + (non-social) |
||||
| (Stevenson et al., 2019) | College students; drank at least 1x in past 2 weeks | + | null | + | null | ||||||
| (Dworkin et al., 2018) | Young adult lesbian and bisexual women; drank at least 2+ drinks on 7+ times in past month | + | + | + | null | null | null | + | null | ||
| (O’Donnell et al., 2019) | Young adults; drank at least 1x in past month | null | null | null | null | ||||||
| Heavy drinking episode (4+/5+ drinks for men/women) | |||||||||||
| (O’Hara, Boynton, et al., 2014) | HBCU students; drank at least 1x in past month | + (any) + (social) null (non-social) |
+ (any) + (social) null (non-social) |
null (any)* null (social)* + (non-social) |
null (any) null (social) null (non-social) |
+ (any) + (social) null (non-social) |
null (any) null (social) + (non-social) |
||||
| Acute alcohol use disorder symptoms | |||||||||||
| (Dvorak et al., 2014) | College students; drank at least 2x/month | + | null | null | null | ||||||
| Alcohol-related consequences | |||||||||||
| (Goodhines et al., 2019) | College students; drank and used cannabis at least 1x in past month | null (sleep motives) | null (sleep motives) | ||||||||
| (Stevenson et al., 2019) | College students; drank at least 1x in past 2 weeks | + | null | + | + | ||||||
| Alcohol and energy drink co-use | |||||||||||
| (Linden-Carmichael & Lau-Barraco, 2018) | College students; co-used caffeine and alcohol at least 1x in the past week and reported heavy drinking at least 2x in past month | negative | null | null | + | ||||||
| Number of cannabis use sessions | |||||||||||
| (Pearson et al., 2019) | College students; used cannabis at least 1x in past month | + | null | null | + | null | null | null | null | null | + |
| Quantity of cannabis use (grams/# of joints) | |||||||||||
| (Pearson et al., 2019) | College students; used cannabis at least 1x in past month | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null |
| (Bonar et al., 2017) | Young adults; reported past-month illicit substance use | + | + | + | null | null | |||||
| Cannabis subjective high | |||||||||||
| (Pearson et al., 2019) | College students; used cannabis at least 1x in past month | null | null | null | null | + | null | null | null | − | null |
| Cannabis-related consequences | |||||||||||
| (Goodhines et al., 2019) | College students; drank and used cannabis at least 1x in past month | null (sleep motives) | + (sleep motives) | ||||||||
| (Pearson et al., 2019) | College students; used cannabis at least 1x in past month | + | + | + | + | null | null | null | null | null | null |
Note: + = positive statistically significant association, − = negative statistically significant association, null=non-statistically significant association, blank=study did not report findings for that cell.
* =
effects qualified by an interaction with gender, whereby men consumed more alcohol on days with higher than average coping motives and women consumed less alcohol and were less likely to engage in heavy drinking on days with higher than average coping motives. HBCU = Historically Black College or University.