Table 2. Pairs of Clostridioides difficile ribotype 078 isolates matched by country of origin and source case, with associated epidemiology*.
| Country | Source of isolate(s) | Country 2 | Source of isolate(s) | No. pairs of isolates | Associated epidemiology |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ireland | CA-CDI | Ireland | CA-CDI | 2 | No known links |
| Ireland | CA-CDI | Ireland | HA-CDI | 2 | No known links |
| Ireland | HA-CDI | Ireland | HA-CDI | 10 | Possible transmission 6 pairs,† unknown for 4 pairs |
| Ireland | Porcine | Ireland | HA-CDI | 3 | No known links |
| Ireland | Porcine | Ireland | Porcine | 12 | 8 pairs at 1 farm, 3 pairs at 1 farm, 1 pair at 1 farm, no pairs between farms |
| Ireland | CA-CDI | Italy | HA-CDI | 1 | Unknown |
| Ireland | HA-CDI | United Kingdom | HA-CDI | 1 | Unknown |
| Germany | HA-CDI | Germany | HA-CDI | 1 | Unknown |
| Netherlands | HA-CDI | Netherlands | HA-CDI | 1 | Unknown |
| Netherlands | CDI | Netherlands | Farmer | 1 | No known links |
| Netherlands | CDI | Netherlands | Porcine | 1 | No known links |
| Netherlands | Farmer | Netherlands | Farmer | 3 | Unknown |
| Netherlands | Farmer | Netherlands | Porcine | 10 | Farm exposures |
| Netherlands | Porcine | Netherlands | Porcine | 1 | No known links |
| Portugal | HA-CDI | Portugal | HA-CDI | 1 | Unknown |
*CA-CDI, community-assocated C. difficile infection; HA-CDI, healthcare-associated C. difficile infection. †The 6 possible healthcare-associated transmission pairs shared time and space on the same hospital ward (n = 3) or time on different hospital wards while under the care of the same medical team (n = 3).