Table 1. Contrasts included in Deceptive > Honest ALE.
| # | Reference | N | Foci | Contrast Reported | Deception Task | Paradigm Class (besides "Deception") | Instructed or Natural Deception |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Abe et al., 2014 | 25 | 10 | Dishonest + Honest > Control | Decision-making (harmful or helpful) | Finger Tapping/Button Press | Natural |
| 4 | (Dishonest/Harmful + Honest/Harmful) > (Dishonest/Helpful + Honest/Helpful) | ||||||
| 3 | (Dishonest/Helpful + Honest/Helpful) > (Dishonest/Harmful + Honest/Harmful) | ||||||
| 3 | Dishonest/Harmful > Honest/Harmful | ||||||
| 2 | Abe & Greene, 2014 | 8 | 1 | Dishonest: Opportunity Win > No-Opportunity Win | Monetary Incentive Delay/Incentive Prediction | Reward, Finger Tapping/Button Press | Natural |
| 3 | Dishonest: Opportunity Loss > No-Opportunity Loss | ||||||
| 7 | 1 | Ambiguous & Dishonest: Opportunity Win > No-Opportunity Win | |||||
| 7 | Ambiguous & Dishonest: Opportunity Loss > No-Opportunity Loss | ||||||
| 3 | Baumgartner et al., 2009 | 26 | 1 | Promise Stage: Dishonest > Honest, (Promise - No Promise)^Dishonest–(Promise—No Promise)^Honest | Modified Economic Trust Game | -Finger Tapping/Button Press, Competition/Cooperation, Reward | Natural |
| 1 | Anticipation Stage: Dishonest > Honest, (Promise—No Promise)^Dishonest—(Promise—No Promise)^Honest | ||||||
| 1 | Anticipation Stage: Dishonest > Honest, ((No Promise—Promise)^Dishonest—(No Promise—Promise)^Honest), p<0.0001 | ||||||
| 1 | Anticipation Stage: Dishonest > Honest, ((No Promise—Promise)^Dishonest—(No Promise—Promise)^Honest), p<0.0005 | ||||||
| 2 | Anticipation Stage: Dishonest > Honest, ((No Promise—Promise)^Dishonest—(No Promise—Promise)^Honest), p<0.005 | ||||||
| 2 | Decision Stage A: Dishonest > Honest, ((Promise—No Promise)^Dishonest—(Promise—No Promise)^Honest), p<0.001 | -Competition/Cooperation, Flashing Checkerboard, Reward | |||||
| 2 | Decision Stage A: Dishonest > Honest, ((Promise—No Promise)^Dishonest—(Promise—No Promise)^Honest), p<0.005 | ||||||
| 1 | Decision Stage B: Dishonest > Honest, ((Promise -No Promise)^Dishonest—(Promise—No Promise)^Honest) | -Finger Tapping/Button Press, Competition/Cooperation, Reward | |||||
| 4 | Bereczkei et al., 2015 | 16 | 2 | Unfair—Control, High Machiavellian > Low Machiavellian | Trust Game (in fair or unfair situations) | Competition/Cooperation, Finger Tapping/Button Press, Video Games | Neither |
| 7 | Fair—Control, High Machiavellian > Low Machiavellian | ||||||
| 5 | Bhatt et al., 2009 | 18 | 9 | Unfamiliar: Lie > Truth | Recognition/"Line-up" | Finger Tapping/Button Press, Face Monitor/Discrimination | Instructed |
| 4 | Familiar: Lie > Truth | ||||||
| 4 | Familiar (Lie > Truth) > Unfamiliar (Lie > Truth) | ||||||
| 6 | Browndyke et al., 2008 | 7 | 7 | Malingered Recognition Misses > Normal Recognition Hits | Recognition Memory/Feigned Memory Impairment | Finger Tapping/Button Press, Encoding, Delayed Match to Sample, Cued Explicit Recognition/Recall | Instructed |
| 5 | Malingered Recognition False Alarm Errors > Normal Recognition Correct Rejections | ||||||
| 7 | Cui et al., 2014 | 16 | 8 | Murderer Group: Deceptive Probe Answer Judged Truthful > Truthful Irrelevant Answer Judged Truthful | Mock Murder/Modified Guilty Knowledge Test | Finger Tapping/Button Press | Instructed |
| 12 | Positive Judgement Following Probe: Murderer Group > Innocent Group | ||||||
| 8 | Ding et al., 2012 | 12 | 7 | Identity Concealment > Control | Recognition/Identity Concealment | Finger Tapping/Button Press | Instructed |
| 9 | Identity Faking > Control | ||||||
| 9 | Farrow et al., 2015 | 20 | 5 | Impression-Management > Control | "Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding" | Finger Tapping/Button Press | Instructed |
| 2 | Self-Deception > Control | ||||||
| 7 | Faking Bad > Control | ||||||
| 7 | Impression-Management Main Effects | ||||||
| 2 | Self-Deception Main Effects | ||||||
| 29 | (Impression Management Faking Bad & Self Deception Faking Good[+1]) vs. (Impression Management Faking Good & Self Deception Faking Good[–1]) Main Effects | ||||||
| 14 | Faking Bad Main Effects | ||||||
| 10 | Fullam et al., 2009 | 24 | 2 | Lie—Truth | Lying (about performing tasks) | Deception only | Instructed |
| 11 | Greene & Paxton, 2009 | 14 | 2 | Dishonest (Opportunity Win > No-Opportunity Win) | Computerized Coin Flips/Moral Judgement | Reward, Finger Tapping/Button Press | Natural |
| 7 | Dishonest (Opportunity Loss > No-Opportunity Loss) | ||||||
| 12 | Harada T, 2009 | 18 | 23 | Lie Judgement—Gender Judgment (masked with Lie Judgement) | Control Gender Judgement/Moral Judgement/Lie Judgement | Deception only | Neither |
| 7 | Lie Judgement—Moral Judgement (masked with Lie Judgement) | ||||||
| 13 | Hayashi et al., 2014 | 37 | 6 | Harmful/ Dishonest > Harmful/ Honest | Harmful or Helpful Story-telling | Finger Tapping/Button Press, Reasoning/Problem Solving | Neither |
| 3 | Helpful/ Dishonest > Helpful/ Honest | ||||||
| 14 | Ito et al., 2011 | 32 | 9 | Main effect of ’Lie’ (Neutral/Lie+Negative/Lie) > (Neutral/Truth+Negative/Truth) | Remembering Neutral and Emotional Events | Finger Tapping/Button Press, Cued Explicit Recognition/Recall | Instructed |
| 8 | Neutral/Lie > Neutral/Truth | ||||||
| 8 | Negative/Lie > Negative/Truth | ||||||
| 5 | Conjunction Analysis: Neutral/Lie > Neutral/Truth + Negative/Lie > Negative/Truth | ||||||
| 15 | Ito et al., 2012 | 16 | 6 | Execution: (Certain/Lie + Uncertain/Lie) > (Certain/Truth + Uncertain/Truth) | Modified Recognition Memory | Finger Tapping/Button Press, Cued Explicit Recognition/Recall | Instructed |
| 16 | Jiang et al., 2015 | 32 | 19 | Lie > True | Strategy Devising | Finger Tapping/Button Press | Instructed |
| 17 | Kireev et al., 2013 | 36 | 19 | (Conjunction) Deceptive Claim > Catch + Honest Claim > Catch | "Cheat" Card Game | Finger Tapping/Button Press | Natural |
| 27 | Deceptive Claim > Catch | ||||||
| 21 | Deception Claim > Honest Claim | ||||||
| 6 | rCBF: Deceptive Claim > Catch | ||||||
| 18 | Kozel et al., 2005 | 30 | 18 | Lie—Truth, Model Building Group | Mock Crime/"Ring-Watch Testing" | Deception only | Instructed |
| 31 | 14 | Lie—Truth, Model Testing Group | |||||
| 19 | Kozel et al., 2009 | 22 | 30 | Mock-Crime: Lie > True | Mock Crime/"Ring-Watch Testing" | Finger Tapping/Button Press | Instructed |
| 26 | 15 | No-Crime: Lie > True | |||||
| 20 | Langleben et al., 2005 | 26 | 19 | Lie > Repeat Distracter | Modified Guilty Knowledge Test | Deception only | Instructed |
| 4 | Lie > Truth | ||||||
| 21 | Lee et al., 2009 | 10 | 8 | Intentional Faked Responses > Truthful Accurate Responses | Recognition/Feigned Memory Impairment | Cued Explicit Recognition/Recall | Instructed |
| 3 | Intentional Faked Responses > Truthful Error Responses | ||||||
| 22 | Lee et al., 2010 | 14 | 11 | Lie > True | Lying (about valence of pictures) | Finger Tapping/Button Press, Affective Pictures | Instructed |
| 17 | Positive: Lie > True | ||||||
| 4 | Negative: Lie > True | ||||||
| 4 | Conjunction Analysis (Lie > True, Positive + Negative) | ||||||
| 23 | Lee et al., 2013 | 13 | 2 | Main Effect of Cue, Lie > Truth | Facial Recognition | Face Monitor/Discrimination, Finger Tapping/Button Press | Instructed |
| 24 | Lelieveld et al., 2016 | 44 | 6 | Justifiable Lies > Honest Reports | Evaluating Lies of Others | Finger Tapping/Button Press | Neither |
| 6 | Unjustifiable Lies > Honest Reports | ||||||
| 25 | Lissek et al., 2008 | 13 | 19 | Deception > Cooperation | Theory of Mind Task | Theory of Mind, Competition/Cooperation, Affective Pictures | Neither |
| 13 | Deception > Cooperation/Deception | ||||||
| 15 | Cooperation/Deception > Cooperation | ||||||
| 26 | Liu et al., 2012 | 14 | 16 | Falsification Card > BL | Conditional Proposition Testing | Finger Tapping/Button Press, Reason/Problem Solving | Neither |
| 9 | Falsification > Non-Falsification | ||||||
| 27 | Marchewka et al., 2012 | 29 | 13 | Lie > Truth (General + Personal) | Gender Identity Inventory | Finger Tapping/Button Press | Instructed |
| 13 | Lie > Truth (General) | ||||||
| 15 | Lie > Truth (Personal) | ||||||
| 14 | 16 | Males: Lie > Truth | |||||
| 15 | 9 | Females: Lie > Truth | |||||
| 14 | 11 | Males: General Lie > General Truth | |||||
| 15 | 11 | Females: General Lie > General Truth | |||||
| 13 | Males: Personal Lie > Personal Truth | ||||||
| 3 | Females: Personal Lie > Personal Truth | ||||||
| 28 | McPherson et al., 2012 | 15 | 8 | Tones: Feigned > Correct | Feigned Hearing Loss | -Finger Tapping/Button Press, Tone Monitor/Discrimination | Instructed |
| 8 | Tones: Feigned > Incorrect | ||||||
| 6 | Words: Feigned > Correct | -Finger Tapping/Button Press | |||||
| 4 | Words: Feigned > Incorrect | ||||||
| 29 | Mohamed et al., 2006 | 5 | 8 | (Lie, Known Lie + Lie, Subjective Lie) > Rest, Non-Guilty Subjects | Mock Shooting | Deception only | Instructed |
| 30 | Nunez et al., 2005 | 20 | 8 | False > True | True or False Response to Yes/No Questions | -Deception only | Instructed |
| 7 | False, Autobiographical > True, Autobiographical | -Episodic Recall | |||||
| 31 | Ofen et al., 2017 | 18 | 7 | Conjunction Analysis: Lie > True, Episodic and Belief | Lying (about personal experiences or beliefs) | Finger Tapping/Button Press | Instructed |
| 6 | Deception Main Effects: Belief-lie > Belief-true & Episodic-lie > Episodic-true | ||||||
| 13 | Preparation-Lie > Preparation-True | ||||||
| 11 | Negative Correlation between Preparation-lie > Preparation-true and Deception Index | ||||||
| 32 | Peth et al., 2015 | 20 | 10 | Guilty Action > Neutral | Concealed Information Test | Finger Tapping/Button Press | Instructed |
| 1 | Guilty Intention > Neutral | ||||||
| 33 | Phan et al., 2005 | 14 | 11 | Lie > Truth | Modified Guilty Knowledge Test | Deception only | Instructed |
| 8 | Lie > Recognition | ||||||
| 34 | Pornpattananangkul et al., 2018 | 31 | 5 | Opportunity > No-Opportunity (covariate: Overall Dishonesty) | Modified Coin-guessing Task | -Finger Tapping/Button Press | Natural |
| 4 | Opportunity-Self > No-Opportunity-Self (covariate: Opportunity-Self Dishonesty) | -Finger Tapping/Button Press, Reward | |||||
| 7 | Opportunity-Donation > No-Opportunity-Donation (covariate: Opportunity-Donation Dishonesty) | -Finger Tapping/Button Press | |||||
| 4 | Opportunity-Self > Opportunity-Donation (covariate: Self Serving Dishonesty) | -Finger Tapping/Button Press, Reward | |||||
| 7 | Opportunity > No-Opportunity | ||||||
| 2 | Opportunity-Self > Opportunity-Donation | ||||||
| 4 | Opportunity-Donation > Opportunity-Self | ||||||
| 35 | Shao et al., 2017 | 48 | 3 | Dishonest (D) > Truthful (T); Cue Phase | Modified Directed Lie Paradigm | Finger Tapping/Button Press, Face Monitor/Discrimination | Instructed |
| 23 | 1 | Low (L) > High (H) Psychopathic Personality Inventory, Dishonest > Truthful; Cue Phase | |||||
| 48 | 10 | Initial Session (T1) > Testing Session (T2), Dishonest > Truthful; Cue Phase | |||||
| 23 | 8 | (L(T2(D>T)>T1(D>T)) > H(T2(D>T)>T1(D>T)); Cue Phase | |||||
| 48 | 5 | Dishonest > Truthful; Face-Responding Phase | |||||
| 4 | Initial Session (Dishonest > Truthful) > Testing Session (Dishonest > Truthful)); Face-Responding Phase | ||||||
| 23 | 3 | L(T2(D>T) > T1(D>T)) > H(T2(D>T) > T1(D>T))); Face-Responding | |||||
| 2 | Low (Familiar > Unfamiliar) > High (Familiar > Unfamiliar) | ||||||
| 36 | Spence et al., 2008 | 17 | 7 | Lie—Truth | Decision-making (whether or not to lie) | Deception only | Natural |
| 11 | [(Lie—Truth)—(Defy—Comply)] | ||||||
| 37 | D. Sun et al., 2015b | 17 | 5 | Main effect of Response Type (Lie > Truth) | Face Familiarity/Directed Lying | Face Monitor/Discrimination, Finger Tapping/Button Press | Instructed |
| 1 | Interaction Effect between Response Type and Face (Familiar (Lie—Truth) > Unfamiliar (Lie—Truth)) | ||||||
| 38 | D. Sun et al., 2015a | 25 | 5 | Dishonest > Honest (Positive Effect) | Economic Game | Finger Tapping/Button Press, Reward | Instructed |
| 2 | Dishonest > Honest (Negative Effect) | ||||||
| 39 | D. Sun et al., 2016 | 25 | 6 | Dishonest > Honest | Economic Game | Finger Tapping/Button Press, Reward | Natural |
| 1 | Computer (Dishonest-Honest) > Human (Dishonest-Honest) | ||||||
| 40 | P. Sun et al., 2017 | 21 | 4 | Main Effects of Decision (Lying > Honest) | Adapted Dictator Game (after Ball-guess Game) | Finger Tapping/Button Press, Reward | Natural |
| 1 | Interaction between Financial Position & Decision (Lying—Honest) Non-Deprived > (Lying—Honest) Deprived | ||||||
| 41 | Vartanian et al., 2012 | 15 | 7 | Lying > Truthful | Match/Mismatch Detection | Finger Tapping/Button Press, Reasoning/Problem Solving | Instructed |
| 11 | Matched: Lying > Truthful | ||||||
| 5 | Mismatched: Lying > Truthful | ||||||
| 42 | Wu et al., 2011 | 20 | 8 | Bad Lie > Bad Truth | Evaluating Cultural Aspects of Lying | Finger Tapping/Button Press, Reasoning/Problem Solving | Neither |
| 43 | Yin et al., 2016a | 44 | 13 | Spontaneous Lie in Incorrect Prediction, Spontaneous Truth in Incorrect Prediction, Spontaneous Truth in Correct Prediction > Fixation | Modified Sic Bo Gambling | Gambling, Finger Tapping/Button Press, Reward | Both |
| 44 | Yin & Weber, 2016b | 38 | 4 | Main effect of means (Lies > Truth) | Modified Cheap Talk Sender/Receiver Game | Competition/Cooperation | Neither |
| 45 | Yin et al., 2019 | 37 | 3 | Lying > Truth-Telling | Color Reporting Game | Deception only | Natural |
The number of participants, number of reported foci, deception task used, paradigm class, and whether the study involved instructed deception, natural deception, neither, or both are listed for each reference/contrast.