Table 1.
Basic characteristics of the included 15 studies.
| Author-publication time | n | Age of patient, range, (mean) | Metastasis type | Metastasis location, n (%) | Primary tumor, n (%) | Type of Study | MRgFUS treatment length; range, (mean) | Sonications, range, (mean) | Sonication energy, range, (mean) | Acoustic power (mean) | Follow-up time | Evaluation index |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anzidei-2016 (27) | 23 | 37–82 (63.6) | Osteolytic 10 (43.5); Sclerotic 7 (30.4); Mixed 6 (26.1) | Non-axial skeleton 11 (47.8); Axial skeleton 12 (52.2) | Lung 6 (26.1); Breast 5 (21.7); Prostate 4 (17.4); Colon 3 (13.1); Others 5 (21.7) | Non-RCT | 55–180 min (110.4 min) | 15–29(23.5) | 860–2899 J (1644 J) | 114 W | 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment | VAS; CR; PR; NR |
| Bertrand-2018 (32) | 17 | 46–89 (61.4) | \ | Non-axial skeleton 11 (64.7); Axial skeleton 6 (35.3) | Lung 7 (41.1); Breast 5 (29.4); Kidney 2 (11.8); Larynx 1 (5.9); Endometria 1 (5.9); Prostate 1 (5.9); | Non-RCT | \ | 6–40(15.1) | \ | 100 W | Before treatment, at 1 week, and at 1 month after treatment | VAS; OMEDD; CR; PR; NR |
| Catane-2007 (33) | 13 | \ | Osteolytic 7 (53.8); Osteoblastic 5 (38.5); Mixed 1 (7.7) | Non-axial skeleton 11 (84.5); Axial skeleton 2 (15.4) | Breast 4 (30.8); Prostate 2 (15.4); Bile duct (7.8); Ovaries 1 (7.8); Esophagus1 (7.8); Kidney 1 (7.8); Rectum 1 (7.8); Undetermined 1 (7.8) | Non-RCT | 22–162 min (71.8min) | 11–39 (25) | 418–1890 J (1067.6 J) | 54 W | Mean follow-up was 59 days: 0, 3, 15, 30, 90, 180 days after treatment | VAS |
| Chan-2017 (34) | 10 | 42–78 (64.5) | \ | Non-axial skeleton 9 (90); Axial skeleton 1 (10) | Breast 2 (20); Prostate 2 (20); Neuroendocrine NOS 1 (10); Liver 1 (10); Esophagus 1 (10); Pancreas 1 (10); Lung 1 (10); Orbit 1 (10) | Non-RCT | 42–78 min (64.5min) | 12–51 (29.8) | 300–1400J (850 J) | 34.1 W | Before, day 14, and day 30 after treatment | Brief Pain Inventory scores; CR; PR; NR |
| Chen-2018 (19) | 26 | 54.7 | Osteolytic 9 (34.6); Osteoblastic 11 (42.3); Mixed 6 (23.1) | Non-axial skeleton 18 (69.2); Axial skeleton 8 (30.8) | Lung 12 (46.2); Breast 5 (19.2); Colon 3 (11.5); Prostate 3 (11.5); Thyroid 2 (7.7); Kidney 1 (3.8) | Non-RCT | \ | \ | \ | \ | 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 months after treatment | VAS; QLQ-BM22 |
| Huisman-2014 (35) | 11 | 53–86 (62.1) | Osteolytic 6 (55.5); Osteoblastic 1 (9.1); Mixed 4 (36.4) | Non-axial skeleton 6 (55.5); Axial skeleton 5 (45.5) | Kidney 2 (18.2); Colorectal 2 (18.2); Breast 2 (18.2); Sarcoma 1 (9.1); Prostate 1 (9.1); Lung 1 (9.1); Colorectal 1 (9.1); Mesothelioma 1 (9.1) | Non-RCT | 20–73 min (458min) | 6–28 (15.5) | 300–3000 J (1492.3 J) | 20–150 W (85.4 W) | Before treatment, 3 days and 1 month after treatment | NRS; CR; PR; NR |
| Hurwitz-2014 (36) | 112 | 9.1–83.6 (62.7) | Osteoblastic 25 (22.3); Osteolytic 59 (52.7); Mixed 27 (24.1); Unknown 1 (0.9) | Non-axial skeleton 84 (75); Axial skeleton 28 (25) | Breast 34 (30.4) Prostate 15 (13.4) Kidney 9 (8.0) Lung 17 (15.2) Missing 2 (1.8) Other 35 (31.2) | RCT | 83 min | \ | \ | \ | 3, 7, 14, 30, 60, 90 days and 1 year after treatment | VAS; OMEDD; CR; PR; NR |
| Li-2010 (22) | 12 | 32–72 (46.8) | \ | Non-axial skeleton 5 (41.7); Axial skeleton 7 (58.3) | Lung (4); Liver (5); Kidney (1); Mediastinum (1); Colon (1) | Non-RCT | 27.5–647.6 min (230.9 min) | \ | \ | \ | 0, 1, 4–6 weeks, 4–6 months after treatment | Biomarker evaluation; CR; PR; NR |
| Liberman-2008 (37) | 25 | 40–85 (61) | Osteolytic 20 (64.5); Osteoblastic 10 (32.3); Mixed1 (3.2) | Non-axial skeleton 27 (87.1); Axial skeleton 4 (13) | Kidney 6 (19.4); Colorectal 2 (6.5); Lung 1 (3.2); Breast 11 (35.5); Prostate 5 (16.1); Other 6 (19.4) | Non-RCT | 22–162 min (66 min) | 8–32 (17.3) | 440–1890 J (1135 J) | \ | 0, 3, 13, 30, 90 days after treatment | VAS; OMEDD; CR; PR; NR |
| Lee-2017 (13) | 21 | 40–83 (59) | \ | Non-axial skeleton 20 (95); Axial skeleton 1 (5) | Breast 4 (19); Nasopharyngeal 4 (19); Colorectal 3 (14); Non-small-cell lung 3 (14); Liver (10); Prostate 2 (10); Kidney 1 (5); Cervical 1 (5); Thymic 1 (5). | RCT | \ | \ | \ | \ | 0, 8, 13, 30, 90 days after treatment | VAS; OMEDD; CR; PR; NR; median overall survival time |
| Namba-2019 (38) | 10 | 41–80 (69) | Osteolytic 4 (40); Osteoblastic; and Mixed | Non-axial skeleton 8 (80); Axial skeleton 2 (20) | Prostate 2 (20); Myeloma 2 (20); Liver 1 (10); Uterus 1 (10); Lung 1 (10); Thyroid 1 (10); Breast 1 (10); Adenoid cystic carcinoma 1 (10); | Non-RCT | \ | \ | 976 J | \ | 0, 7, 30, and 90 days after treatment | NRS; NR |
| Gianfelice-2008 (39) | 11 | 38–84 (58.6) | Osteolytic 8 (72.7); Osteoblastic 2 (18.2); Mixed 1 (9.1) | Non-axial skeleton 11 (100); Axial skeleton 0 (0) | Breast 5 (45.5); Kidney 4 (36.4); Liver 1 (9.1); Lung 1 (9.1) | Non-RCT | 28–103 min | 12–18 | 466–1853 J | \ | 0, 1, 3, 14, 30, 90 days after treatment | VAS; CR; PR; NR |
| Wang-2019 (40) | 30 | 3–14 (4.27) | Osteoblastic 4 (46.67); Osteolytic 5 (16.67); Mixed type 11 (36.67). | Non-axial skeleton 15 (50); Axial skeleton 15 (50) | Neuroblastoma 12 (40.00); Acute leukemia 7 (23.33); Nephroblastoma 6 (20.00); Lymphoma 5 (16.67); Other 2 (6.67) | Non-RCT | 123 ± 21 min | 13 ± 8 | \ | \ | 0, 7, 30, 60, 90 days after treatment | VAS+NRS |
| Harding-2018 (41) | 18 | 36–72 (57) | \ | Non-axial skeleton 15 (50); Axial skeleton 1 (5.6) | Breast 7 (38.9); Lung 4 (22.2); Liver 4 (22.2); Renal 3 (16.7) | Non-RCT | \ | \ | \ | \ | 0, 7, 14, 30, 60, and 90 days after treatment | QLQ-C15-PAL; NR; QLQ-BM22 |
| Gu-2015 (42) | 23 | 45–73 (59) | \ | \ | \ | Non-RCT | \ | \ | \ | \ | 0, 7, 14, 30, 60, and 90 days after treatment | NRS |