Table 3.
Overview of epidemiology studies of pertussis in Central and Eastern Europe Western Europe
| Country | Design, period | Age, n, sample type |
|---|---|---|
|
Bulgaria [77] Hospital-based, active-surveillance 2009 to 2016 Children and adolescents 28 cases |
PCR |
< 1 year: 18 cases 1–3 years: 6 cases 10–14 years: 2 cases |
|
Bulgaria [78] Population-based, national surveillance 2009 to 2015 All ages Notified cases |
PCR |
< 1 year: 12 1–4 years: 9 5–9 years: 7 10–19 years: 0 ≥ 20 years: 1 |
|
Bulgaria [79] Population-based, active surveillance 2001–2008 > 7 years 5887 samples |
Pertussis antibody levels > 0.1 IU ‘fully protected’ |
Age years (n) 7–15 (609): 30.7% 16–25 (1977): 16.55% 26–35 (1766): 38.75% 36–45 (758): 21.65% 46–55 (581): 16.65% > 56 (506): 0.6% |
|
Estonia [96] Hospital based, case surveillance April 2012 to December 2014 All ages 549 with cough ≥ 7 days |
PCR positive and single PT-IgG was > 100 IU/ml or PT-IgG 40–100 IU/ml and PT-IgA > 12 IU/ml |
Total: 22 cases Age, % cases < 1 year: 5.6% 1–9 years: 5.6% 10–17 years: 6.3% 18–64 years: 3.1% ≥ 65 years: 0% |
|
Estonia [165] Case surveillance (school outbreak) 2003 10–16 years 150 students |
Culture or PT IgA/IgM > 12 IU/ml |
54 cases (36%) Age: no. cases 7 years: 1 8 years: 5 9 years: 5 10 years: 7 11 years: 8 12 years: 8 13 years: 8 14 years: 3 15 years: 5 16 years: 4 |
|
Estonia [82] Population-based, active surveillance April to August 2012 ≥ 7 years 1053 random samples |
PT IgG ≥ 125 IU/ml | 2.0% |
| PT IgG ≥ 62.5 to < 125 IU/ml | 5.6% | |
|
Estonia [83] Population-based, active surveillance January to February 2013 20–99 years 3327 random samples |
PT IgG ≥ 62.5 to < 125 IU/ml | 2.7% |
| PT IgG ≥ 125 IU/ml | 0.6% | |
|
Czech Republic [81] Population-based, active surveillance 2000–2001 0–64 years 3194 random samples |
Serology assay |
Age: incidence/100,000 0 year: 15.6 (2000); 4.4 (2001) 1–4 years: 9.1 (2000); 5.6 (2001) 5–9 years: 6.6 (2000) and 4.7 (2001) 10–14 years: 11.3 (2000); 8.2 (2001) ≥ 20 years: 0.1 (2000); 1.2 (2001) |
|
Czech Republic [80] Population-based, national surveillance 1988 to 2008 0–24 years Notified cases |
PCR |
Age: incidence/100,000 in 2008 0 year: 26.7 1–4 years: 6.4 5–9 years: 22.6 10–14 years: 79.8 15–19 years: 21.8 20–24 years: 0.8 |
|
Czech Republic [98] Population-based, active surveillance October 2011 until May 2012 ≥ 18 years 2000 samples; not vaccinated within 5 years |
PT IgG ≥ 10 units/ml |
39.9% (799/2000, 95% CI 37.8, 42.1%) By age group, highest seropositive rates in 18–29 years: 1.46% (p = 0.002) |
| PT IgG ≥ 62.5 units/ml | 2 (0.40%), 8/2000: 95% CI 0.17, 0.79%) | |
| PT IgG ≥ 125 units/ml | 0 | |
|
Hungary [84] Population-based, active surveillance April 2014 to April 2015 ≥ 18 years 1999 people without vaccination within 12 months |
PT IgG > 18 EU/ml | 14.8% |
| PT IgG > 70 EU/ml | 1.1% | |
| PT IgG > 110 EU/ml | 0.1% | |
|
Poland [86] Population-based, national surveillance 1999–2001 0–13 years Notified cases |
Culture and serology |
Age: incidence/100,000 All: 330 (1996); 2411 (2001) 0–1 year: 14.5 (1996); 21.7 (2001) Age 2–5 years: 3.2 (1996); 21.7 (2001) 6–9 years: 2.9 (1996); 32.6 (2001) 10–13 years: 2.0 (1996); 34.0 (2001) |
|
Poland [91] Population-based, national surveillance 1990 to 2000 All ages Notified cases |
Bacteriology, immunofluorescence, or serology |
Proportion of cases: Aged < 1 year: 37.0% (1976–1989); 24.0% (1990–1996); 7.7% (1997–2000) Aged 0–4 years: 73.9% (1976–1989); 65.9% (1990–1996); 24% (1990–1996) Between 1985 and 1997 Aged 5–9: twofold increase cases Aged 10–14 years: sevenfold increase in cases |
|
Poland [89] Population based, case surveillance 2005 to 2009 All ages 1455 cases |
Confirmed: PCR or significant increase in IgG or IgA antibodies Probable: case definition, not laboratory confirmed, but epidemiologically linked to confirmed-suspected: only clinical symptoms |
Incidence/100,000: < 1 year: 13.3 (2006); 32.7 (2007) 10–14 years: 11.8 (2006); 68.5 (2008 10–19 years: 60% of cases 20–64 years: 20% of cases |
|
Poland [92] Population-based, national surveillance 2011 All ages 1699 notified cases |
ELISA and immunoassays, n = 1568 Culture, n = 1 Clinical diagnosis, n = 100 |
Age: incidence/100,000 (%) All: 4.3 3 years: 20.8 ≤ 15 years: 2.5 10–14 years: 20.3 > 15 years: 2.5 |
|
Poland [93] Population-based, national surveillance 2012 All ages 4684 notified cases |
ELISA and immunoassays, n = 4244 Culture, n = 1 Clinical diagnosis, n = 439 |
Age: incidence/100,000 All: 12.2 3 years: 39.9 10–14 years: 56.5 > 15 years: 7.8 |
|
Poland [94] Population-based, national surveillance 2013 All ages 2182 notified cases |
ELISA and immunoassays, n = 2035 Culture, n = 0 Clinical diagnosis, n = 147 |
Age: incidence/100,000 All: 5.7 3 years: 34.9 10–14 years: 16.4 > 15 years: 3.5 |
|
Poland [95] Population-based, national surveillance 2014 All ages 2100 notified cases |
ELISA and immunoassays, n = 1950 Culture, n = 0 Clinical diagnosis, n = 148 |
Age: incidence/100,000 All: 5.5 3 years: 33.0 10–14 years: 22.1 > 15 years: 2.9 |
|
Poland [166] Population-based, national surveillance 2015 All ages 4956 notified cases |
Notified cases | Incidence 12.89/100,000 |
|
Poland [90] Healthcare based, case surveillance July 2009 to April 2011 All ages 1232 patients with persistent cough |
PT IgA and/or IgG levels > 3 standard deviations versus age-stratified controls |
288 confirmed cases Adjusted annual incidence: 201.1/100,000 person-years |
|
Slovenia [97] Population-based, national surveillance 1990 to 2006 All ages |
Notified cases |
Incidence/100,000 in 2006 All: 27.5 10–14 years: 220 5–9 years: 167 Infants: 144 9 years: 365.5 |
|
Slovenia [87] Population-based, active surveillance 2000 0–60 years 3418 random samples |
PT IgG 5.0–9.9 U/ml |
n; % (95% CI) 510; 14.9% (11.81–17.99) |
| PT IgG 10.0–50.9 U/ml | 2207; 64.6% (62.61–66.59%) | |
| PT IgG 51.0–124.9 U/ml | 228; 6.7%, (3.5–9.9%) | |
| PT IgG > 125 U/ml | 80; 2.3% (0.9–5.5%) |
CI confidence interval, PT pertussis toxin, IgG immunoglobulin