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. 2021 Aug 9;6(9):1175–1187. doi: 10.1038/s41564-021-00949-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — a, Microscopy of the origin of replication (yellow), replication fork (cyan) and CcrZ (red) in live S. pneumoniae wild-type background cells. Scale bar, 1 µm. b, DnaN, oriC and CcrZ localizations grouped by cell area (µm²) in five equally sized groups. Analysed from snapshots of exponentially growing cells. c, Single-cell kymographs of DnaN, CcrZ and oriC localizations in a 2:30 minute interval time-lapse video. d, Tracked DnaN, oriC and CcrZ over time in a single cell. Top: overlay of fluorescence, cell outline and phase-contrast of the cell displayed in panel c. Bottom: fluorescence localization on the length axis of the same single cell over time. e, Model for spatiotemporal control of replication by CcrZ. In S. pneumoniae, CcrZ is brought to the middle of the cell where the DnaA-bound origin of replication is already positioned. CcrZ then stimulates DnaA to trigger DNA replication by an as yet unknown activity, possibly involving a phosphor-transfer event. Whereas the precise regulation and localization of CcrZ seems diverse between different organisms, CcrZ’s activity to stimulate DNA replication is conserved, at least in S. pneumoniae, S. aureus and B. subtilis.

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