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. 2021 Aug 11;596(7873):553–557. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03814-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a, Example photometry recording from virgin female left auditory cortex (AC). b, Change in photometry signal during co-housing in example animal. c, Summary of photometry data in AC. d, Schematic of simultaneous auditory cortex photometry and PVN single-unit recording during retrieval observation with a transparent barrier. e, Example single-trial auditory cortex photometry (insets, pup vocalizations) and PVN spiking before (left) and after (right) virgin began retrieving. Time is zero at dam pup retrieval. f, Summary of single-trial responses during dam retrievals. g, Schematic of photometry from virgin PVN projections to left AC during transparent-barrier observations. h, Photometric responses of auditory cortex from virgin females during observation. Time is zero at dam pup retrieval. i, Single-trial (grey) and per-animal responses (red). j, Effect of OTA or saline infusion in non-co-housed virgin left auditory cortex before dam retrieval observation. k, Optogenetic stimulation (opto stim) of left auditory cortex OT-ChETA fibres during opaque-barrier testing increased virgin retrieval. Data are mean ± s.e.m.; *P < 0.05.