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. 2021 Aug 25;596(7873):543–547. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 1 — a, b, Typical middle-to-late Holocene artefact types from Toalean assemblages in South Sulawesi; pressure-flaked stone ‘Maros points’ (both artefacts are from Leang Pajae, Maros) (a) and backed microliths (top: Leang Pajae; bottom: Leang Bulu Bettue, Maros) (b). c, Osseous points (left: from the layer 4 Toalean human burial, Leang Panninge; right: Leang Rakkoe, Maros). d–i, Excavation at Leang Panninge in 2019. Excavation of a trench placed adjacent to the rear wall in the west-facing cave entrance (d, e): viewed from northwest to southeast (note that the name of the cave site is incorrectly transcribed in this locally produced banner) (d); viewed from north to south (e); northwest to southeast (f); detail of the excavation work (g). Excavated trench faces at the end of the 2019 field season, following soil column-sampling (h, i): trench viewed from northeast to southwest, showing the intersection between the western walls of excavation squares S16T6 and S17T6 and southern walls of S17T6 and S17T7 (h); trench viewed from north to south, with the main stratigraphic section facing the viewer showing the northern walls of S16T6 and S16T7 (i). Image credits: Y. Perston (a–c); Leang Panninge research team (d–i).