Extended Data Fig. 2. Site plan, stratigraphy and dating evidence at Leang Panninge.

a–c, Plan views of the cave site showing the locations of previous excavation units and squares S16T6 and S17T6, where the Toalean burial was exposed in 2015. Excavations in the west-facing entrance (which is 10-m high and 28-m wide) yielded dense Toalean archaeological assemblages. Light grey, limestone bedrock; dark grey, speleothem column/pillar; grey with x, stalagmite. Contour levels are in centimetres. Acronyms and initialisms denoting Indonesian archaeological institutions and heritage departments are as follows: BALAR, Balai Arkeologi Sulawesi Selatan; BPCB, Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Makassar; UNHAS, Universitas Hasanuddin. The 2015 trench was extended in 2019, forming squares S16T7 and S17T7. d, Section of the cave mouth. e, Stratigraphy and dating. L1, layer 1; L2, layer 2, and so on. Black dots denote the 3D-plotted positions of stone artefacts, faunal items (bone, teeth and shell), palaeobotanical remains, shells and other findings excavated in 2019. Eight distinct archaeological layers of human occupation are evident: the uppermost cultural stratum, layer 1 (approximately 1.5 kyr cal bp), contains ‘Neolithic’ pottery and Toalean backed microliths; layers 2–4 comprise aceramic Toalean occupation deposits. Maros points pre-date backed microliths and appear in the earliest Toalean level (see also ref. ²⁷); layer 5 (approximately 9.4–8.7 kyr cal bp) and underlying strata (layers 6–8) are pre-Toalean. The deepest Toalean horizon, layer 4, a silty clay (7.9–5.1 kyr cal bp), contained the region’s only definite Toalean-associated burial. The burial was revealed in 2015 within the contiguous squares S16T6 and S17T6. In 2019, a 2 × 1 m trench excavated adjacent to these squares exposed undisturbed strata to a depth of 3 m without reaching bedrock (Extended Data Figs. 2, 3). Calibrated AMS ¹⁴C ages (95% probability) are shown on the right (Supplementary Information contains details on dating methods). Dated materials comprised samples of wood charcoal (N = 8) and charred Canarium sp. seeds (N = 3). The age inversion in layer 4 suggests a degree of post-depositional mixing that does not affect the inferred burial age. f, Toalean burial from layer 4 (3D image generated using PhotoScan). The individual was interred in a flexed position and covered with large cobbles (denoted 1–5). g, Fragmented cranium. h, i, Maros points recovered with the human remains. An atypical chert Maros point (h) was found just below the cranium. A classic chert Maros point (i) with a hollow base and serrated margins (tip is missing due to breakage) was found approximately 40 mm below the greater sciatic notch. Image credits: Leang Panninge research team (a–g); Y. Perston (h, i).