Fig. 1.

In vivo response of coronary vascular conductance (CVC) to infusion of SNP and ATP in Normal and DM + HFD + CKD swine. No differences in endothelium-dependent vasodilation to graded infusion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) at rest, were observed in vivo (a). Endothelium-independent vasodilation to NO-donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was enhanced in DM + HFD + CKD swine compared to Normal (b) from 2 till 4 µg kg⁻¹ min⁻¹ we had to discontinue the experiment in 1 animal at each dose due to severe hypotension (< 40 mmHg), depicted by the dotted lines. There was a dissociation between endothelium-dependent (ATP 100–200 µg⁻¹ kg⁻¹ min⁻¹) and endothelium-independent (SNP 0.5–1 µg⁻¹ kg⁻¹ min⁻¹) vasodilation in DM + HFD + CKD compared to Normal swine, characterized by a clockwise rotation of the relation between the coronary vasodilator response to SNP versus ATP (c). Values are mean ± SEM. SNP: DM + HFD + CKD n = 5, Normal: n = 9 ATP: DM + HFD + CKD n = 4, Normal n = 8. *P < 0.05 for DM + HFD + CKD versus Normal by two-way ANOVA for repeated measures (a and b) and logistic regression analysis (c)