Table 2:
Current Drivers vs Past Drivers
| Current Drivers N = 1554 | Past Drivers N = 278 | Unadjusted | Multivariable model adjusted for age, sex and education | Multivariable model adjusted for all covariates | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) or mean (SD) | n (%) or mean (SD) | OR (95%CI) | P | OR (95%CI) | P | OR (95%CI) | P | ||
| Age | 76.37 (7.11) | 82.27 (6.64) | 1.13 (1.11, 1.15) | <0.001 | N/A | 1.07 (1.03, 1.10) | <0.001 | ||
| Female | 856 (55.1) | 209 (75.2) | 2.47 (1.85, 3.30) | <0.001 | 4.48 (2.64, 7.61) | <0.001 | |||
| Education (ref: ≤ high school) | high school | 690 (44.4) | 128 (46.0) | 0.46 (0.32, 0.65) | <0.001 | 0.89 (0.52, 1.54) | 0.687 | ||
| ≥ high school | 709 (45.6) | 87 (31.3) | 0.30 (0.21, 0.44) | <0.001 | 0.70 (0.39, 1.25) | 0.228 | |||
| Married (ref: =0) | 845 (54.4) | 95 (34.2) | 0.44 (0.33, 0.57) | <0.001 | 0.93 (0.68, 1.27) | 0.639 | 0.71 (0.40, 1.27) | 0.251 | |
| CDR (ref: CDR=0) | CDR = 0.5 | 374 (24.1) | 117 (42.1) | 2.47 (1.89, 3.23) | <0.001 | 2.16 (1.60, 2.90) | <0.001 | 1.05 (0.68, 1.65) | 0.816 |
| CDR ≥ 1 | 5 (0.3) | 12 (4.3) | 18.93 (6.58, 54.47) | <0.001 | 29.07 (8.64, 97.81) | <0.001 | 1.37 (0.20, 9.27) | 0.75 | |
| Domain score: Attention | 0.11 (0.75) | −0.44 (0.72) | 0.35 (0.29, 0.42) | <0.001 | 0.47 (0.38, 0.58) | <0.001 | 0.67 (0.49, 0.91) | 0.011 | |
| Domain score: Executive | 0.12 (0.69) | −0.57 (0.87) | 0.30 (0.24, 0.36) | <0.001 | 0.38 (0.31, 0.47) | <0.001 | 0.62 (0.42, 0.92) | 0.017 | |
| Domain score: Language | 0.12 (0.71) | −0.46 (0.92) | 0.42 (0.36, 0.49) | <0.001 | 0.59 (0.49, 0.70) | <0.001 | 1.18 (0.81, 1.72) | 0.379 | |
| Domain score: Memory | 0.10 (0.74) | −0.45 (0.88) | 0.42 (0.35, 0.49) | <0.001 | 0.55 (0.45, 0.67) | <0.001 | 0.91 (0.64, 1.31) | 0.625 | |
| Domain score: Visuospatial | 0.13 (0.99) | −0.54 (0.82) | 0.47 (0.39, 0.55) | <0.001 | 0.58 (0.48, 0.70) | <0.001 | 0.88 (0.67, 1.15) | 0.337 | |
| IADL (ref: = 0) | 118 ( 7.6) | 155 (55.8) | 15.34 (11.34, 20.74) | <0.001 | 10.90 (7.90, 15.04) | <0.001 | 3.59 (2.25, 5.73) | <0.001 | |
| Subjective Health (ref: Poor and Fair) | Good | 702 (45.2) | 133 (48.2) | 0.55 (0.40, 0.75) | <0.001 | 0.42 (0.30, 0.60) | <0.001 | 0.72 (0.43, 1.22) | 0.223 |
| Very good and excellent | 627 (40.4) | 67 (24.2) | 0.31 (0.21, 0.44) | <0.001 | 0.28 (0.19, 0.41) | <0.001 | 0.89 (0.49, 1.61) | 0.697 | |
| mCESD score | 0.81 (1.99) | 1.38 (2.26) | 1.11 (1.06, 1.17) | <0.001 | 1.08 (1.02, 1.15) | 0.007 | 0.97 (0.87, 1.08) | 0.576 | |
| # of prescription meds | 4.11 (3.05) | 5.59 (3.39) | 1.15 (1.10, 1.19) | <0.001 | 1.15 (1.11, 1.20) | <0.001 | 1.05 (0.99, 1.12) | 0.135 | |
| Current smoking (ref: = 0) | 114 (7.3) | 21 (7.6) | 1.03 (0.64, 1.68) | 0.897 | 1.68 (0.99, 2.85) | 0.054 | 1.22 (0.57, 2.57) | 0.609 | |
| Current drinking (ref: = 0) | 1093 (70.3) | 139 (50.0) | 0.42 (0.33, 0.55) | <0.001 | 0.60 (0.45, 0.79) | <0.001 | 0.84 (0.57, 1.24) | 0.38 | |
| Live alone (ref: = 0) | 569 (36.6) | 136 (48.9) | 1.66 (1.28, 2.14) | <0.001 | 0.79 (0.59, 1.07) | 0.123 | 0.64 (0.37, 1.12) | 0.118 | |
| Feel lonely (ref: = 0) | 105 (6.8) | 38 (13.7) | 2.19 (1.47, 3.25) | <0.001 | 1.27 (0.82, 1.96) | 0.282 | 1.08 (0.51, 2.26) | 0.847 | |
| Leave home (ref: Daily) | 2–6x/week | 488 (31.5) | 137 (49.6) | 4.87 (3.53, 6.72) | <0.001 | 3.35 (2.39, 4.70) | <0.001 | 2.12 (1.39, 3.24) | <0.001 |
| <2–4x/month | 22 (1.4) | 79 (28.6) | 62.30 (36.33, 106.85) | <0.001 | 39.52 (22.33, 69.95) | <0.001 | 10.86 (4.95, 23.83) | <0.001 | |
| # of confidantes | 4.47 (3.31) | 3.88 (2.59) | 0.93 (0.88, 0.98) | 0.005 | 0.94 (0.89, 0.99) | 0.021 | 1.00 (0.94, 1.07) | 0.962 | |
| Belong to organization (ref: =0) | 1354 (87.3) | 212 (76.5) | 0.47 (0.35, 0.65) | <0.001 | 0.35 (0.25, 0.50) | <0.001 | 0.42 (0.25, 0.70) | 0.001 | |
| Arthritis (ref: = 0) | 1025 (66.0) | 199 (72.1) | 1.33 (1.00, 1.77) | 0.048 | 1.05 (0.77, 1.42) | 0.772 | 0.83 (0.54, 1.28) | 0.402 | |
| Vision acuity denominator: Right | 56.38 (76.25) | 108.63 (130.41) | 1.04 (1.03, 1.06) | <0.001 | 1.04 (1.03, 1.05) | <0.001 | 1.02 (1.00, 1.05) | 0.015 | |
| Vision acuity denominator: Left | 56.57 (82.44) | 115.08 (146.32) | 1.04 (1.03, 1.05) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) | <0.001 | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) | 0.081 | |
| Extraocular movement problem: Right (ref: =0) | 12 (0.8) | 6 (2.2) | 2.87 (1.07, 7.72) | 0.036 | 2.23 (0.73, 6.78) | 0.157 | 2.14 (0.38, 12.19) | 0.39 | |
| Extraocular movement problem: Left (ref: =0) | 11 (0.7) | 6 (2.2) | 3.15 (1.15, 8.58) | 0.025 | 2.41 (0.74, 7.81) | 0.142 | 2.46 (0.38, 16.07) | 0.348 | |
| Visual field deficits: Right (ref: =0) | 44 (2.9) | 29 (10.7) | 4.06 (2.49, 6.61) | <0.001 | 3.71 (2.16, 6.39) | <0.001 | 3.72 (1.55, 8.97) | 0.003 | |
| Visual field deficits: Left (ref: =0) | 48 (3.1) | 26 (9.7) | 3.31 (2.01, 5.43) | <0.001 | 2.99 (1.71, 5.23) | <0.001 | 1.24 (0.51, 3.01) | 0.629 | |
| Hearing loss (ref: None) | Right | 114 (7.3) | 27 (9.7) | 1.53 (0.98, 2.39) | 0.061 | 0.91 (0.56, 1.50) | 0.718 | 1.07 (0.56, 2.04) | 0.841 |
| Left | 96 (6.2) | 29 (10.5) | 1.95 (1.26, 3.04) | 0.003 | 1.31 (0.81, 2.12) | 0.277 | 1.61 (0.82, 3.18) | 0.168 | |
| Bilateral | 89 (5.7) | 27 (9.7) | 1.96 (1.24, 3.10) | 0.004 | 1.11 (0.68, 1.81) | 0.688 | 0.65 (0.31, 1.35) | 0.245 | |