Table 3:
Drivers without and with difficulty
| w/o difficulty N = 1234 | w/ difficulty N = 317 | Unadjusted | Multivariable model adjusted for age, sex and education | Multivariable model adjusted for all covariates | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) or mean (SD) | n (%) or mean (SD) | OR (95%CI) | P | OR (95%CI) | P | OR (95%CI) | P | ||
| Age | 76.19 (7.06) | 77.04 (7.30) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) | 0.058 | N/A | 1.02 (1.00, 1.05) | 0.095 | ||
| Female | 672 (54.5) | 182 (57.4) | 1.13 (0.88, 1.45) | 0.345 | 1.16 (0.83, 1.61) | 0.383 | |||
| Education (ref: ≤ high school) | high school | 552 (44.7) | 137 (43.2) | 0.78 (0.52, 1.19) | 0.252 | 0.74 (0.46, 1.21) | 0.236 | ||
| ≥ high school | 565 (45.8) | 143 (45.1) | 0.80 (0.53, 1.21) | 0.29 | 0.77 (0.46, 1.26) | 0.294 | |||
| Married (ref: =0) | 684 (55.4) | 160 (50.5) | 0.82 (0.64, 1.05) | 0.114 | 0.89 (0.68, 1.17) | 0.412 | 1.10 (0.65, 1.84) | 0.726 | |
| CDR (ref: CDR=0) | CDR = 0.5 | 269 (21.8) | 105 (33.1) | 1.80 (1.37, 2.36) | <0.001 | 1.81 (1.37, 2.39) | <0.001 | 1.98 (1.41, 2.80) | <0.001 |
| CDR ≥ 1 | 2 (0.2) | 3 (0.9) | 6.91 (1.15, 41.62) | 0.035 | 7.56 (1.24, 46.06) | 0.028 | 7.37 (0.53, 101.85) | 0.136 | |
| Domain score: Attention | 0.15 (0.75) | −0.01 (0.73) | 0.75 (0.63, 0.89) | 0.001 | 0.76 (0.64, 0.91) | 0.003 | 0.74 (0.59, 0.93) | 0.01 | |
| Domain score: Executive | 0.13 (0.68) | 0.06 (0.72) | 0.86 (0.72, 1.03) | 0.093 | 0.90 (0.74, 1.11) | 0.324 | 0.92 (0.68, 1.24) | 0.573 | |
| Domain score: Language | 0.12 (0.70) | 0.13 (0.73) | 1.01 (0.85, 1.20) | 0.939 | 1.12 (0.92, 1.37) | 0.274 | 1.20 (0.89, 1.62) | 0.225 | |
| Domain score: Memory | 0.09 (0.72) | 0.17 (0.82) | 1.16 (0.98, 1.37) | 0.082 | 1.35 (1.11, 1.64) | 0.003 | 1.85 (1.39, 2.47) | <0.001 | |
| Domain score: Visuospatial | 0.12 (0.97) | 0.13 (1.06) | 1.01 (0.89, 1.16) | 0.843 | 1.06 (0.92, 1.22) | 0.427 | 1.03 (0.86, 1.24) | 0.714 | |
| IADL (ref: = 0) | 85 ( 6.9) | 33 (10.4) | 1.57 (1.03, 2.40) | 0.036 | 1.45 (0.94, 2.23) | 0.089 | 0.85 (0.48, 1.49) | 0.567 | |
| Subjective Health (ref: Poor and Fair) | Good | 551 (44.7) | 150 (47.3) | 0.72 (0.51, 0.00) | 0.056 | 0.70 (0.49, 0.98) | 0.04 | 0.90 (0.59, 1.36) | 0.613 |
| Very good and excellent | 520 (42.2) | 105 (33.1) | 0.53 (0.37, 0.00) | 0.001 | 0.52 (0.36, 0.75) | <0.001 | 0.65 (0.40, 1.03) | 0.066 | |
| mCESD score | 0.71 (1.91) | 1.20 (2.27) | 1.11 (1.05, 1.17) | <0.001 | 1.10 (1.05, 1.17) | <0.001 | 1.10 (1.02, 1.20) | 0.017 | |
| # of prescription meds | 4.02 (3.05) | 4.44 (3.08) | 1.04 (1.00, 1.09) | 0.03 | 1.04 (1.00, 1.09) | 0.03 | 1.01 (0.96, 1.06) | 0.676 | |
| Current smoking (ref: = 0) | 87 (7.1) | 27 (8.5) | 1.23 (0.78, 1.93) | 0.373 | 1.30 (0.82, 2.06) | 0.259 | 1.19 (0.69, 2.04) | 0.532 | |
| Current drinking (ref: = 0) | 882 (71.5) | 209 (65.9) | 0.77 (0.59, 1.00) | 0.049 | 0.81 (0.62, 1.05) | 0.116 | 0.86 (0.63, 1.18) | 0.359 | |
| Live alone (ref: = 0) | 438 (35.5) | 130 (41.1) | 1.27 (0.99, 1.64) | 0.063 | 1.17 (0.89, 1.54) | 0.258 | 1.35 (0.80, 2.27) | 0.256 | |
| Feel lonely (ref: = 0) | 79 (6.4) | 26 (8.2) | 1.30 (0.82, 2.07) | 0.263 | 1.22 (0.76, 1.94) | 0.41 | 0.69 (0.35, 1.38) | 0.296 | |
| Leave home (ref: Daily) | 2–6x/week | 366 (29.7) | 120 (37.9) | 1.46 (1.12, 1.89) | 0.004 | 1.39 (1.06, 1.82) | 0.016 | 1.24 (0.90, 1.69) | 0.185 |
| <2–4x/month | 16 (1.3) | 6 (1.9) | 1.67 (0.64, 4.32) | 0.292 | 1.59 (0.61, 4.13) | 0.341 | 1.07 (0.30, 3.85) | 0.912 | |
| # of confide | 4.57 (3.46) | 4.06 (2.67) | 0.94 (0.90, 0.99) | 0.015 | 0.94 (0.90, 0.99) | 0.015 | 0.95 (0.90, 1.00) | 0.036 | |
| Belong to organization (ref: =0) | 1069 (86.8) | 283 (89.3) | 1.26 (0.85, 1.87) | 0.246 | 1.23 (0.83, 1.83) | 0.298 | 1.23 (0.77, 1.96) | 0.397 | |
| Arthritis (ref: = 0) | 814 (66.0) | 209 (65.9) | 1.00 (0.77, 1.29) | 0.977 | 0.97 (0.74, 1.26) | 0.8 | 0.85 (0.63, 1.16) | 0.311 | |
| Vision acuity denominator: Right | 52.47 (66.09) | 71.88 (106.25) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.04) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.04) | <0.001 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 0.001 | |
| Vision acuity denominator: Left | 54.25 (74.87) | 65.98 (107.48) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.03) | 0.064 | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | 0.12 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) | 0.457 | |
| Extraocular movement problem: Right (ref: =0) | 6 (0.5) | 6 (1.9) | 4.00 (1.28, 12.50) | 0.017 | 3.85 (1.23, 12.08) | 0.021 | 0.81 (0.08, 8.48) |
0.859 | |
| Extraocular movement problem: Left (ref: =0) | 4 (0.3) | 7 (2.3) | 7.06 ( 2.05, 24.28) |
0.002 | 6.74 (1.95, 23.32) | 0.003 | 12.99 (0.91, 185.68) |
0.059 | |
| Visual field deficits: Right (ref: =0) | 33 (2.7) | 11 (3.6) | 1.34 (0.67, 2.67) | 0.414 | 1.29 (0.64, 2.59) | 0.474 | 0.66 (0.25, 1.75) | 0.405 | |
| Visual field deficits: Left (ref: =0) | 35 (2.9) | 13 (4.2) | 1.50 (0.78, 2.87) | 0.221 | 1.46 (0.76, 2.80) | 0.255 | 1.57 (0.64, 3.86) | 0.324 | |
| Hearing loss (ref: None) | Right | 80 (6.5) | 34 (10.8) | 1.75 (1.14, 2.67) | 0.01 | 1.65 (1.07, 2.54) | 0.023 | 1.74 (1.07, 2.84) | 0.027 |
| Left | 79 (6.4) | 17 (5.4) | 0.88 (0.51, 1.52) | 0.655 | 0.85 (0.49, 1.46) | 0.548 | 0.81 (0.43, 1.51) | 0.504 | |
| Bilateral | 69 (5.6) | 20 (6.3) | 1.19 (0.71, 2.00) | 0.509 | 1.10 (0.65, 1.87) | 0.716 | 0.84 (0.45, 1.58) | 0.593 | |