. 2021 Aug 26;122(2):1413–1433. doi: 10.1007/s11277-021-08955-6

Table 2.

Cyber physical systems

Application area	Characteristics	Technologies	Services	Security/risks/challenges
Healthcare 4.0 [4]	Wearable devices, IOT of medical devices	Data analytics on patient’s data	Telemedicine, Robotic surgery, Mobile health	The accuracy of sensors and other monitoring devices is a big challenge as it determines the medication level
Manufacturing unit [4, 16–18]	Smart machines like robots, Smart product	Machine to machine communication	Autonomous machines in production process, Self-organizing capability of smart machines, Detection and management of industrial hazards, Node failure detection through similarity ie pattern matching	Delays above some threshold value lead to disruption of manufacturing cycle Malfunctioning of nodes
Smart home [19–21]	Cameras, temperature sensors Smart televisions, smart locks, smart lights, smart switches and smart meters	Remote controlling of home devices	Reduce power consumption, Detect and classify safety hazards, Remote health management and emergency services	Attack on privacy of residents by gathering data like user initiated and device actions Local network attacks by bringing devices close to vicinity of home
Smart vehicles Autonomous [22, 23]	Cameras, sensors, Vehicle states	Sensing technology for obstacle detection, Navigation trajectory under control of software, Prediction mechanism to determine motion of other vehicles, Proactive mechanisms for fault detection and management	Stable vehicle movement with continuous monitoring of vehicle health, Lane detection and emission control mechanisms	Software defects Difficulty in integration of diagnostic tools in framework
Smart grid [24]	Power line, Communication line, Sensors, Actuators, Smart meters	Remote control and monitoring of electrical components in grid, Distributed energy resources act as microgeneration units, Distributed renewable energy generation Big data analytics on power generated and usage, Prediction and recommendation using machine learning techniques	Reliable delivery of power with energy storage at large scale, Energy conservation with reduced loss and greenhouse emissions	Vulnerable to cyberattacks affecting public life due to dependency on power for running of appliances at home and equipment in professional sector

Application area

Characteristics

Technologies

Services

Security/risks/challenges

Healthcare 4.0

[4]

Wearable devices,

IOT of medical devices

Data analytics on patient’s data

Telemedicine,

Robotic surgery,

Mobile health

The accuracy of sensors and other monitoring devices is a big challenge as it determines the medication level

Manufacturing unit

[4, 16–18]

Smart machines like robots,

Smart product

Machine to machine communication

Autonomous machines in production process,

Self-organizing capability of smart machines,

Detection and management of industrial hazards,

Node failure detection through similarity ie pattern matching

Delays above some threshold value lead to disruption of manufacturing cycle

Malfunctioning of nodes

Smart home

[19–21]

Cameras, temperature sensors

Smart televisions, smart locks, smart lights, smart switches and smart meters

Remote controlling of home devices

Reduce power consumption,

Detect and classify safety hazards,

Remote health management and emergency services

Attack on privacy of residents by gathering data like user initiated and device actions

Local network attacks by bringing devices close to vicinity of home

Smart vehicles

Autonomous

[22, 23]

Cameras, sensors, Vehicle states

Sensing technology for obstacle detection, Navigation trajectory under control of software, Prediction mechanism to determine motion of other vehicles, Proactive mechanisms for fault detection and management

Stable vehicle movement with continuous monitoring of vehicle health,

Lane detection and emission control mechanisms

Software defects

Difficulty in integration of diagnostic tools in framework

Smart grid

[24]

Power line,

Communication line,

Sensors,

Actuators,

Smart meters

Remote control and monitoring of electrical components in grid,

Distributed energy resources act as microgeneration units,

Distributed renewable energy generation

Big data analytics on power generated and usage,

Prediction and

recommendation using machine learning techniques

Reliable delivery of power with energy storage at large scale,

Energy conservation with reduced loss and greenhouse emissions

Vulnerable to cyberattacks affecting public life due to dependency on power for running of appliances at home and equipment in professional sector