Table 3.

Characteristics of unit and integrated level of HCPS

Level of health CPS	Characteristics
	State transition & state diagram	Heterogeneous devices/data formats	Time critical applications	Seamless monitoring & control
Unit level	Healthy working state of all sensors and actuators in smart hospitals as patients are in risk zone Therefore, early replacement of faulty medical devices	Medical application interfaces to deal with heterogeneous data	Time critical and requires efficient decision making	Regular monitoring and control in Smart hospitals
Integration level [26]	Healthy state depicts good working condition, Smart ambulances periodically checked for working condition of its medical devices and connectivity, Coordination and communication for integration of different autonomous systems for healthy working state, Requires continuous monitoring for failure detection of nodes and links	Audio, image and video (behavioural) analysis, Different autonomous systems connected require medical API’s to deal with heterogeneous data sets	Home monitoring is not time critical whereas monitoring of patients during transit from home to hospital in smart ambulance is time critical	Monitoring and control of elderly patients  Reminder systems  Wearable sensors