Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies on the association between cholesterol intake and gastric cancer in adults aged >18 years in case-control studies.
| References | Country | Age* | Age (cases) | Age (controls) | Cases n | Control n | Exposure assessment | Median/cutoff point | OR (95%CI) | Adjustment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Buiatti et al. (24) | Italy | <70 | NR | NR | M/F:1,016 | M/F:1,159 | FFQ/interview | 142 mg/d 199 mg/d 242 mg/d 300 mg/d 434 mg/d |
1 0.9 (0.7–1.2) (0.8–1.4) 1.3 (0.9–1.7) 1.2 (0.8–1.6) |
Age, sex, area, place of residence, migration from south, socioeconomic status, familial GC history, and BMI |
| Hu et al. (26) | Canada | 20–76 | 61.9 | 56.8 | M:802 F:379 |
M:2,547 F:2,492 |
FFQ/self-report | ≤ 966.26 mg/wk 966.26–1412.75 mg/wk 1412.75–1880.26 mg/wk ≥1880.26 mg/wk |
1 1.10 (0.87–1.39) 1.41 (1.10–1.80) 1.60 (1.21–2.13) |
Sex, age group, province, education, body mass index, alcohol drinking, pack year smoking, total of vegetable and fruit intake, saturated fat, and total energy intake |
| Kim et al. (27) | South Korea | 57.2 ± 0.84 | 57.2 ± 1.19 | 57.2 ± 1.20 | M:92 F:44 |
M/F:136 | M:92 F:44 |
Cases: 123 mg/d 174 mg/d 240 mg/d Controls: 140 mg/d 185 mg/d 248 mg/d |
1 0.62 (0.34–1.13) 0.51 (0.25–1.05) |
Age, sex, socioeconomic status, family history, refrigerator use, and Helicobacter pylori infection. |
| Lazarevic et al. (28) | Serbia | NR | NR | NR | M/F:102 | M/F:204 | FFQ/interview | NR | 1 0.92 (0.86–3.59) 0.79 (0.37–2.28) |
Age, sex, residence, education, physical activity, total energy intake, tobacco smoking, and history of cancer in the first degree |
| Lissowska et al. (16) | Poland | NR | NR | NR | M:175 F:99 |
M:304 F:159 |
FFQ/interview | <144.6 mg/d 144.6–167.9 mg/d 168–196.1 mg/d >196.1 mg/d |
1 1.08 (0.71–1.64) 0.94 (0.61–1.43) 1.57 (0.89–2.78) |
Age, sex, education, smoking, and calories from foods |
| López-Carrillo et al. (29) | Mexico | >20 | 24–88 | 20–98 | M:121 F:99 |
M:301 F:451 |
FFQ/interview | ≤ 190.5 mg/d 190.51–264.03 mg/d 264.04–359.51 mg/d ≥359.52 |
1 1.58 (0.87–2.87) 1.77 (0.96–3.24) 2.39 (1.23–4.64) |
Age, gender, total calories, chili-pepper consumption, socio-economic status, cigarette smoking, salt consumption, history of peptic ulcer, type of interview, duration of interview, place of interview |
| Lucenteforte et al. (15) | Italy | 22–80 | 22–80 | 22–80 | M:143 F:87 |
M:286 F:261 |
FFQ/interview | NR Per 105 mg/d |
1 0.97 (0.64–1.47) 1.27 (0.86–1.89) Continuous: 1.11 (0.94–1.32) |
Age and sex, year of interview, education, physical activity, body mass index, tobacco smoking, family history of stomach cancer and total energy intake |
| Mayne et al. (13) | US | 30–79 | 64.2 | 61.8 | M:467 F:140 |
M:543 F:145 |
FFQ/interview | NR | Gastric cardia adenocarcinoma 1 1.50 (1.19–1.90) Non-cardia gastric cancer 1 1.68 (1.35–2.09) |
Sex; site; age; race; proxy status; income; education; usual body mass index; cigarettes/day; years of consuming beer, wine, and liquor; and energy intake. |
| Qiu et al. (30) | China | NR | 30–85 | 28–82 | M:81 F:22 |
M:95 F:38 |
FFQ/interview | NR | Males: 1.0 1.08 (0.40–2.87) 2.53 (0.99–6.44) 2.76 (1.01–7.53) Females: 1.0 6.05 (0.53–69.17) 5.31 (0.44–63.44) 11.9 (0.97–146.53) |
Age, present residence, education, economic status, smoking, alcoholics, and total calories intake |
| Tan et al. (31) | US | 40–80 | NR | NR | M:411 F:12 |
M:1,796 F:1,630 |
FFQ/self-report | NR | 1 1.10 (0.88–1.37) 0.88 (0.67–1.16) |
Age, gender, race/ethnicity, smoking status, alcohol status, body mass index, H. pylori infection, and total energy intake |
| Toorang et al. (32) | Iran | ≥40 | 64.3 ± 12.2 | 53.9 ± 11.6 | M:158 F:59 |
M:132 F:55 |
FFQ/interview | NR Cases: Per 249 mg/d Controls: Per 246 mg/d |
1 1.88 (1.09–3.2) 2.22 (1.28, 3.85) Continuous: (1.00, 1.01) |
Age, gender, energy, education, smoking, and body mass index |
| Zhu et al. (14) | China | NR | 64.1 ± 10.8 | 64.0 ± 11.3 | M:1,401 F:499 |
M:4,713 F:1,819 |
FFQ/interview | <107.24 mg/d 107.24–207.21 mg/d 207.21–352.09 mg/d >352.09 mg/d Per 250 mg/d |
1 1.06 (0.87, 1.29) 1.32 (1.08, 1.61) 1.57 (1.26, 1.96) Continuous 1.13 (1.06, 1.22) |
Study area, age, gender, education level, income 10 years ago, smoking, alcohol consumption, family history of stomach cancer, H. pylori infection, BMI, exercise 10 years ago, dietary sodium intake, and total energy intake |
| Harrison et al. (25) | US | NR | 62 + 11.7 | 54.2 + 13.5 | M:24 F:67 |
M:62 F:70 |
FFQ/self-report | NR | Intestinal: 1 (0.7–1.4) Diffuse: 1 1.3 (0.9–1.8) |
Age, gender, calorie intake, race, education, smoking, alcohol drinking, BMI |
| Wu et al. (33) | US | 30–74 | NR | NR | M/F:192 | M/F:343 | FFQ/interview | NR | Gastric cardia: 1 1.73 (0.8–3.9) 1.71 (0.8–3.8) 1.83 (0.8–4.0) Distal gastric 1 2.16 (0.95–4.9) 2.20 (0.98–4.9) 2.90 (1.3–6.3) |
Age, sex, race, birthplace, education, smoking, body size, reflux, use of vitamins and total calories |
OR, Odds Ratio; CI, confidence interval; GC, gastric cancer; M, male; F, female; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; BMI, body mass index; US, United States; NR, not-reported; wk, week.
*
Presented as mean or rang.