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. 2021 Aug 21;14:4053–4067. doi: 10.2147/JIR.S313799

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© 2021 Takashima et al.

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Changes in cytokine concentrations in the mammary gland after intramammary infusion of either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or PBS for 12 h (bottom panel in A and upper panel in C) and in the plasma of mice before (0 H) and after (12 H) intramammary infusion of LPS for 12 h (B, upper panel in A, and bottom panel in C). (A) Cytokines with increased levels in both plasma and mammary tissue following LPS challenge. (B) Cytokines with increased systemic levels in plasma but not in mammary tissue after localized mammary LPS challenge. (C) Cytokines on whose levels LPS had opposite systemic and local effects or for which LPS resulted in decreased levels in either mammary tissue or plasma or increased levels in mammary tissue. Error bars represent standard error (n = 9). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.