Table 1. Baseline Patient Characteristics.
| Characteristic | No./total No. (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| All | Standard care group | VR group | |
| Total participants, No. | 107 | 54 | 53 |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 63/107 (58.9) | 28/54 (51.9) | 35/53 (66.0) |
| Female | 44/107 (41.1) | 26/54 (48.1) | 18/53 (34.0) |
| Location of care | |||
| Radiology department | 42/107 (39.3) | 21/54 (38.9) | 21/53 (39.6) |
| Infusion center | 65/107 (60.7) | 33/54 (61.1) | 32/53 (60.4) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Hispanic or Latino | 46/106 (43.4) | 22/53 (41.5) | 24/53 (45.3) |
| White or non-Hispanic | 22/106 (20.8) | 12/53 (22.6) | 10/53 (18.9) |
| Black or African American | 10/106 (9.4) | 7/53 (13.2) | 3/53 (5.7) |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 8/106 (7.5) | 5/53 (9.4) | 3/53 (5.7) |
| Biracial | 6/106 (5.7) | 3/53 (5.7) | 3/53 (5.7) |
| Multiracial | 3/106 (2.8) | 1/53 (1.9) | 2/53 (3.8) |
| Othera | 11/106 (10.4) | 3/53 (5.7) | 8/53 (15.1) |
| Age, median (IQR), y | 14.7 (12.8-16.9) | 14.9 (13.1-16.9) | 14.4 (12.2-16.7) |
| Chronic disease | 86/101 (85.1) | 45/52 (86.5) | 41/49 (83.7) |
| Pre-PIVC anxiety (VAS) scoreb | |||
| Patients | 105/107 (98.1) | 54/54 (100) | 51/53 (96.2) |
| Median (IQR) | 1.47 (0.32-2.94) | 1.56 (0.32-3.02) | 1.32 (0.30-2.94) |
| Pre-PIVC pain (FPS-R) scorec | |||
| Patients | 106/107 (99.1) | 54/54 (100) | 52/53 (98.1) |
| Median (IQR) | 0 (0.00-0.00) | 0 (0.00-0.00) | 0 (0.00-0.00) |
| Anxiety sensitivity (CASI) summed score, median (IQR)d | 8.00 (5.00-14.00) | 8.50 (6.00-13.00) | 8.00 (5.00-14.00) |
| VR immersion (GRIP Inventory) scoree | |||
| Patients | 52/107 (48.6) | NA | 52/53 (98.1) |
| Median (IQR) | 24.00 (20.00-27.00) | NA | 24.00 (20.00-27.00) |
Abbreviations: CASI, Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index; FPS-R, Faces Pain Scale–Revised; GRIP, Gold Rizzo Immersion and Presence; IQR, interquartile range; NA, not applicable; PIVC, peripheral intravenous catheter; VAS, visual analogue scale; VR, virtual reality.
a
Races included in this category were not specified by participants.
b
Score range on the VAS: 0-10 points, with 0 indicating no anxiety and 10 indicating a high level of anxiety.
c
Score range on the FPS-R: 0-10 points, with 0 indicating no pain and 10 indicating very much pain.
d
Score range on the CASI: 18-54 points, with higher scores indicating higher levels of anxiety sensitivity.
e
Score range on the GRIP Inventory: 0-32, with higher scores indicating higher levels of VR immersion.