Table 4. Results from Linear Modeling Within the Virtual Reality Group^a.

Variable	Post-PIVC score, adjusted mean (95% CI)b	P valuec
Patient pre-PIVC anxiety (VAS) score (n = 51)d
<1.47	1.15 (0.51-1.78)	.008
≥1.47	2.58 (1.87-3.28)
Patient pre-PIVC pain (FPS-R) score (n = 52)e
0	0.88 (0.34-1.43)	.045
>0	2.22 (1.03-3.41)

Abbreviations: CASI, Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index; FPS-R, Faces Pain Scale–Revised; PIVC, peripheral intravenous catheter; VAS, visual analogue scale.

^aModels were built using backward stepwise selection starting with possible candidate independent variables comprising patient pre-PIVC scores, location of care, sex, age, VR immersion score, and CASI summed score.

^bAdjusted means are the estimated mean outcome scores adjusted for all other variables in the model. Adjusted means for continuous variables were split at the median value for reporting purposes.

^cP values are based on the final model containing the continuous version of continuous variables (if included in the final model).

^dScore range on the VAS: 0-10 points, with 0 indicating no anxiety and 10 indicating a high level of anxiety.

^eScore range on the FPS-R: 0-10 points, with 0 indicating no pain and 10 indicating very much pain.