Table 1.
Summary of publications in the last twenty years about using ultrasound to deplete typical organic pollutants in aqueous media, alone or coupled to other AOP's.
| System | Ultrasound Power | Frequency (KHz) | Ultrasound Type | Contaminant | pH | Temperature(oC) | Initial Concentration | Removal Efficiency (%) | Time (min) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| US | 88.0 W.L-1 | 375 | uninformed | LosartanValsartan | 6.5 | 20.0 | 40 μM | 60–70 | 30 | [48]a, b |
| US | 100.0 W.L-1 | 20 | probe | DiclofenacAmoxicillinCarbamazepine | 3.0 | 24.0 | 2.5 mg.L-110.0 mg.L-15.0 mg.L-1 | ~ 50 | 60 | [49]a, b |
| US0.62 s pulse, 2.5 s pulse repetition | 7.9 W.cm−2 | 640 | probe | Diphenhydramine | natural | 10.0 | 2.8 μM | 50 | 3.9 | [30] |
| US | 45.0 W.L-1 | 205 | flat plate transducer | FluorouracilIbuprofenClonidineEstriolNifedipineLovastatin | 7.7 | 20.0 | 10 μM | Uninformed | Uninformed | [50] |
| US | 80 W | 300 | flat plate transducer | 4-Cumilphenol | 6.5 | 20.0 | 0.05 mg.L-1 | 100 | 35 | [51] |
| US | 32 W | 574 | ultrasound generator connected to a stainless steel transducer | ParacetamolLevodopa | Uninformed | 20.0 | 25.0 mg.L-1 | 100% | 480 | [52] |
| US | 43 W | 520 | bath | Carbamazepine | 7.0 | 20.0 | 8.05 μg.L-1 | 90.0 | 116 | [53] |
| US | 200 W | 200 | uninformed | Methylene BlueMethyl OrangePhenolic compounds | 7.0 | 10.0 | 160 μM | >87.5 (MB) | 30 with O2 bubbling | [31] |
| US | 14 W | 1700 | piezoelectricdisc | Naphthol Blue Black | Sea water | 65.0 | 15.0 mg.L-1 | 96.5 | 40 | [28] |
| US | 0.16 W mL−1 | 35 | bath | Rhodamine-B | 2.0 | 25.0 | 1.0 mg.L-1 | 67% chemical oxygen demand | 180 | [54] |
| US | 270 | 20 | probe | Dichlorvos | 2.0 | 25.0 | 20.0 mg.L-1 | 52.9 | 120 | [55] |
| US | 55.2 W | 600 | ultrasound generator connected to a stainless steel-made transducer | Parathion | 7.0 | 25.0 | Uninformed | Uninformed | Uninformed | [56] |
| US | 150 W | 80 | probe | NaphthaleneAcenaphthenePhenanthrene | Uninformed | 25.0 | 150 μ g.L-1 | 99.299.998.2 | 60 | [57] |
| US | 300 W cm−2 | 20 | probe | Dibenzothiophene | 9 | 25.0 | 6.5 μM | 72 | 120 | [58] |
| US/SWNT | 180 W | 28 | ultrasound generator connected to a stainless steel-made transducer | AcetaminophenNaproxen | 6 | 25.0 | 5.0 μM5.0 μM | 44.590.3 | 10 | [59] |
| US/Pd-TiO2, and US/Au-TiO2 | 1.14 Wcm2 | 861 | probe | Paracetamol | 6.5 | Uninformed | 35.0 μM | close to 100 depending on conditions | 30 | [60] |
| US/pre-Feo/(PS) | 60 W | 40 | probe | Sulfamethazine | 10.0 | 25.0 | 0.5 mg.L-1 | 99.6 | 30 | [12] |
| US/UV/TiO2 | 100 W | 20 | probe | Salicylic acid | Uninformed | 30.0 | 10.0 mM | close to 60.0 | 180 | [61] |
| US/Fe2+/UV/TiO2 | 80 W | 300 | piezoelectric disc | Ibuprofen | 3.0 | 25.0 | 0.019 mM | 92.0 DOC removal | 240 | [62] |
| US/O3/Co2+/SO4-• | 200 W | 20 | probe | Amoxicillin | 7.0 | 24.0 | 0.095 mM | ~ 98.0 of COD | 60 | [63] |
| US/UV/Fe2+/H2O2 | 200 W | 24 | probe | Reactive Blue 4 | 3.0 | 30.0 | 30 mg.L-1 | 94.0 of TOC | 60 | [64] |
| US/TiO2/UV | 600 W | 200 | bath | Orange Acid 52 | Uninformed | 25.0 | 25 mg.L-1 | 87.0 of TOC | 480 | [65] |
| US/UVC/sodium percarbonate | 100 W | 20 | probe | Orange Acid 7 | 6.0 | Uninformed | 25 mg.L-1 | 93 | 90 | [66] |
| US/ZnO/UV/Air | 170 W | 42 | bath | MethylOrange | Uninformed | 25.0 | 20 mg.L-1 | 99.45 | 40 | [67] |
| US/ZnO/UV | 1 W m−2 | 59 | bath | Rhodamine B | Uninformed | 20.0 | 2.5 mg.L-1 | 100 | 10 | [68] |
| US/LuFeO3 | 240 W | 60 | bath | Rhodamine B | 6.5 | 40.0 | 5.0 mg.L-1 | 98 | 90 | [69] |
| US/CuOUS/TiO2 | 170 W | 50 | bath | Rhodamine 6G | 12.5 | Uninformed | 10.0 mg.L-1 | 84 of COD89 of COD | 180 | [70] |
| US/S-TiO2/UV | 100 W | 35 | bath | Reactive Blue 19 | 3.0 | 25.0 | 20.0 mg.L-1 | 90 | 120 | [71] |
| Cr-MIL-101@NiO/13X/US/H2O2 | 100 W | 37 | bath | Methylene BlueRhodamine BMethyl Orange | 7.0 | 25.0 | 25.0 mg.L-125.0 mg.L-125.0 mg.L-1 | 97.294.385.1 | 8080100 | [72] |
| US/TiO2 (powder and nanotubes) | 100 W | 42 | bath | Congo RedReactive Blue 4Methyl OrangeRhodamine BMethylene Blue | 7.0 | 30.0 | 50.0 mg.L-1 | 57.7861.9012.5038.2473.26COD removal | 60 | [73] |
| US/CO32–/H2O2 | 400 W | 25 | probe | Orange Acid 8Orange IIRed Acid 9Yellow Acid 11 | 10.4 | 30.0 | 0.1 mM | >95>9582.07.0 | 120 | [74] |
| US/zirconia nanotubes | 0.5 Wcm−2 | 20 | bath | Methyl Orange | 2.0 | Uninformed | 20.0 mg.L-1 | 97.6 | 480 | [75] |
| US/Au-TiO2/UV | Uninformed | 42 | bath | Simazine | ~ 6.0 | Uninformed | 5.0 mg.L-1 | 43.0 of TOC | 420 | [76] |
| US/TiO2solar/TiO2US/solar/TiO2US/H2O2US/FentonUS/ozônio | 150 W | 36 | bath | Dichlorvos | 3.0 | 25.0 | 20.0 mg.L-1 | 7.4578.4283.1220.0081.19100.00 | 120 | [7] |
| US/Sch/H2O2 | 130 W | 20 | probe | Bisphenol A | 3.0 | 20.0 | 0.2 mM | 98.00 | 60 | [77] |
| US/peroxydisulfate and US/O2(aq) | 60 W | 28 | Uninformed | Bisphenol S | Uninformed | 20.0 | 40.0 μM | Uninformed | 60 | [78] |
a - In some works, the operational parameters were evaluated in more than one condition. Table 1 shows only the best conditions found in each work.
b - Some works used power density (W L-1) instead of power.