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Algorithm for pain assessment with and without VAD. All subjects were trained to the VAD OFF and VAD ON states at a site approximately 5 cm from the test site (indicated by red star). Subjects were then blindly randomized to minimize premediated biases. The treatment was then applied to the injection site, and pain scores were assessed at 0, 5, 15 seconds, and after injection. All injections were conducted at the 15-second time point. VAD, vibratory anesthetic device.
