Table 2. Risk of Bias Assessment for Included Nonrandomized Studies, Screening and Referral to Identify Unmet Health-Related Social Needs in Health Care Settings.
| Author, Year (Reference) | Risk of Bias Assessment |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participant Selection | Confounding Variables | Measurement of Exposure (Referral Service) | Blinding of Outcome Assessments | Incomplete Outcomes/ Loss to Follow-up | Selective Reporting | Overall Assessment | |
| Aiyer JN, 2019 (28) | Low | High | Low | High | Low | Low | High |
| Beck AF, 2012 (29) | High | High | Low | High | Low | Low | High |
| Beck AF, 2014 (30) | High | High | Low | High | Low | Low | High |
| Berkowitz SA, 2017 (31) | Low | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | High |
| Coker AL, 2012 (32) | Low | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | High |
| Dicker RA, 2009 (33) | Low | High | Low | High | Low | Low | High |
| Dubowitz H, 2012 (34) | Low | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | High |
| Fiori KP, 2020 (35) | Low | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | High |
| Fleegler EW, 2007 (36) | High | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | High |
| Fox CK, 2016 (37) | Low | High | Low | High | Low | Low | High |
| Garg A, 2010 (38) | Low | High | Low | High | Low | Low | High |
| Garg A, 2012 (39) | Low | High | Low | High | Low | Low | High |
| Hassan A, 2015 (40) | Low | High | Low | High | Low | Low | High |
| Hsu C, 2019 (41) | High | High | Low | High | Low | Low | High |
| Juillard C, 2015 (42) | High | High | Low | High | Low | Low | High |
| Klein MD, 2013 (43) | Low | High | Low | High | Low | Low | High |
| Krasnoff M, 2002 (44) | Low | High | Low | High | Low | Low | High |
| Marpadga S, 2019 (45) | High | High | Low | High | Low | Low | High |
| Morales ME, 2016 (46) | High | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | High |
| Palakshappa D, 2017 (47) | High | Low | Low | High | High | Low | High |
| Patel MR, 2018 (48) | High | High | Low | High | Low | Low | High |
| Pettignano R, 2011 (49) | High | High | Low | High | Low | Low | High |
| Power-Hays A, 2020 (50) | High | High | Low | High | Low | Low | High |
| Schickedanz A, 2019 (51) | High | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | High |
| Smith R, 2013 (52) | High | High | Low | High | Low | Low | High |
| Smith S, 2016 (53) | Low | High | Low | High | Low | Low | High |
| Stenmark SH, 2018 (54) | Low | High | Low | High | Low | Low | High |
| Uwemedimo OT, 2018 (55) | Low | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | High |